國外熱議：漢文化可以說是楚文化嗎？

George Hu That is not entirely correct. The Han Culture in its original form was a hybridisation of many cultures.

這不完全正確。漢文化在其最初形態(tài)就是多種文化的混合體。

Consider the background of xiang Yu in contrast to Liu Bang. Both their core teams were mostly people of Chu. Ultimately, they went on a different path after the fall of Qin.

考慮一下項羽和劉邦的背景對比。他們的核心團(tuán)隊大部分都是楚人。最終，在秦朝滅亡后，他們走上了不同的道路。

xiang Yu was much more of a localism supporter. He re-divided the lands amongst various generals and nobles who supported the war, and crowned himself “Overlord of Western Chu.” This became a huge metaphorical land mine he buried, when some lords believed they deserved more, and went back to war with each other.

項羽更傾向于地方主義（鄉(xiāng)土觀念）。他將土地重新分封給支持戰(zhàn)爭的各路將領(lǐng)和貴族，并自立為“西楚霸王”。這成了他埋下的一個巨大的隱喻性地雷，當(dāng)一些諸侯認(rèn)為自己應(yīng)得更多時，便互相開戰(zhàn)。

Someone advised him to build his government on the lands of Qin, which was wealthier and had geographical advantage. xiang Yu said:

有人建議他在更富裕且具有地理優(yōu)勢的秦地建都。項羽說： “Not returning home after obtaining glory, would be like walking at night wearing luxurious clothes.” (錦衣夜行) “富貴不歸故鄉(xiāng)，如衣錦夜行。” The person who advised him sighed: “People once said Chu people were like monkeys feeling proud simply from wearing a big crown, now I see this is true.” (沐猴而冠) 勸說他的人嘆息道：“人們都說楚人像是猴子戴了頂大帽子就自以為了不起（沐猴而冠），如今看來果然如此?！?br />
xiang Yu executed him. He subsequently built his base in Pengcheng, in modern Jiangsu.

項羽處死了他。隨后，他將自己的根據(jù)地建在了彭城（今江蘇境內(nèi)）。

(A map depicting the re-divided China, now controlled various Kings and Lords promoted by xiang Yu. xiang Yu wanted his hometown advantage; he first gathered his armies in Jiangdong.)

(一張描繪重新劃分后的中國的地圖，此時由項羽分封的諸王和諸侯控制。項羽想要家鄉(xiāng)的優(yōu)勢；他最初在江東集結(jié)了他的軍隊。)

Liu Bang's circumstances were quite interesting.

劉邦的處境則相當(dāng)有趣。

The original promise was that the first to enter the Qin capital would be promoted King of Qin. Liu Bang's army did this, but xiang Yu's army fought and defeated the majority of the Qin army. He then massacred the Qin army after their defeat.

最初的約定是，先入秦都咸陽者為秦王。劉邦的軍隊做到了這一點(diǎn)，但項羽的軍隊卻擊敗了秦軍主力。隨后，他在秦軍戰(zhàn)敗后進(jìn)行了屠殺。 xiang Yu subsequently denied Liu Bang all of Qin, but made him King of Han, situated in Hanzhong, separated to the main area of Qin by mountains. xiang Yu also killed King Ziying despite surrendering, burnt the Qin palaces, and promoted 3 surrendered Qin generals as Lords stationed in Qin to prevent Liu Bang from advancing (Yong 雍, Zhai 翟 and Sai 塞, collectively called 3 Qin 三秦). 項羽隨后剝奪了劉邦擁有整個秦地的權(quán)利，只封他為漢王，領(lǐng)地在漢中，與秦地主體隔著山脈。項羽還殺死了投降的秦王子嬰，焚毀了秦朝宮殿，并分封了三位投降的秦將為諸侯，駐守秦地以阻止劉邦東進(jìn)（雍、翟、塞，合稱三秦）。

The people of Qin hence hated xiang Yu and saw the 3 Qin Lords as traitors. They would accept and welcome Liu Bang as their leader. Liu Bang’s first strategy was therefore captured all of Qin, and this started changing the cultural makeup of Han.

因此，秦地人民痛恨項羽，并將三秦王視為叛徒。他們愿意接受并歡迎劉邦作為他們的領(lǐng)袖。劉邦的首要戰(zhàn)略便是奪取整個秦地，而這開始改變漢的文化構(gòu)成。

While Liu Bang's cabinet was still mostly from Chu, many of their base population was Qin people. In the upcoming Chu-Han wars, Liu Bang's backline was rock solid. He gave greatest credit to xiao He's management, but it was obvious the people of Qin were firmly behind him.

雖然劉邦的班底仍多來自楚地，但其治下的基礎(chǔ)人口很多是秦人。在隨后的楚漢戰(zhàn)爭中，劉邦的后方堅如磐石。他把最大功勞歸于蕭何的管理，但顯然秦地人民堅定地支持著他。

When he defeated xiang Yu, he was given similar advice to take capital in Qin, in Chang'an. Unlike xiang Yu, he accepted this advice and thus, the Han Dynasty started its reign.

當(dāng)他擊敗項羽后，他得到了類似的建議，即在秦地的長安建都。與項羽不同，他接受了這個建議，于是漢朝開始了它的統(tǒng)治。

On this regard, Liu Bang had his greed and ambitions set higher. He wasn’t keen on being a King in his own home region; he was set on becoming Emperor of a unified world, and his homeland would only be one amongst many lands. Any bias towards his home was only personal favouritism at most (he gave his town a few years of tax exemption).

在這方面，劉邦的貪婪和野心更大。他并不熱衷于只在家鄉(xiāng)當(dāng)個王；他決心要成為統(tǒng)一天下的皇帝，而他的家鄉(xiāng)只是眾多疆土中的一塊。他對家鄉(xiāng)的任何偏愛最多只是個人徇私（他免除了家鄉(xiāng)幾年的賦稅）。

And with a unified Empire, he must accept and incorporate culture of all different areas as part of the one territory. Not with cruelty and brutally like Qin Shi Huang, but the ultimate goal was the same.

并且，擁有一個統(tǒng)一的帝國，他必須接受并融合所有不同地域的文化，使之成為這個統(tǒng)一疆域的一部分。雖然不像秦始皇那樣殘酷和暴虐，但最終目標(biāo)是一樣的。



「游子悲故鄉(xiāng)。吾雖都關(guān)中，萬歲後吾魂魄猶樂思沛?！?br />
(A wandering son always longs for his hometown! Although I’ve set my capital in Guanzhong/Qin, after ten thousand years my soul will still be thinking of Pei.)

“游子悲故鄉(xiāng)！我雖然定都關(guān)中（秦地），但千秋萬歲之后，我的魂魄依然思念著沛地?！?- 劉邦晚年返鄉(xiāng)沛地時所說

Freddie Chen Different thing.

這是兩碼事。

Chu only refers the region of nowadays Hunan province and Hubei Province while Han is a great unified dynasty.

楚僅指如今的湖南、湖北地區(qū)，而漢是一個大一統(tǒng)的王朝。

At that time, Chu culture is very different with Central Chinese Plains culture which was the Zhou Dynasty‘s culture. In a very long period of time, Chu was regarded as barbarians which was far away from Central China’s culture.

當(dāng)時，楚文化與作為周朝文化的中原文化截然不同。在很長一段時期內(nèi)，楚被視為遠(yuǎn)離中原文化的蠻夷。

Han culture is much complicated. It is a culture absorbing and melting with different culture along the history.

漢文化則復(fù)雜得多。它是一種在歷史長河中吸收并融合了不同文化的文化。

To be more precise, some or part of Chu Culture shall be contained or say melted into the Han culture.

更準(zhǔn)確地說，是楚文化的某些或部分內(nèi)容被包含或者說融入了漢文化之中。

L.K. Far from that.

遠(yuǎn)非如此。

Whether by Han you mean Han nationality or Han Dynasty, Chu culture is only a small part of Han culture. Han culture originated from the Central Plains of China, and Chu was a backward civilization in the south. It was not until the Warring States Period that Chu culture was assimilated into the mainstream culture of the Central Plains. After Qin Shi Huang unified China, Chu culture completely became part of Han culture.

無論你指的是漢族還是漢朝，楚文化都只是漢文化的一小部分。 漢文化起源于中原，而楚是南方一個相對落后的文明。直到戰(zhàn)國時期，楚文化才被同化融入中原的主流文化。 秦始皇統(tǒng)一中國后，楚文化完全成為了漢文化的一部分。

Pher Kimhuat

It doesn’t matter whether Han (漢) or Chu (楚) culture as long as this culture is most suitable and applicable to the progress and prosperity of Chinese with sensible virtue (道德), sense of justice and righteousness (正義) like the teachings of Confucianism. 無論是漢文化還是楚文化都不重要，重要的是這種文化最適宜、最能促進(jìn)中國人的進(jìn)步和繁榮，具備儒家思想所倡導(dǎo)的明智的德行（道德）、正義感和道義感（正義）。

Halfman Huang Yes, but Chu culture was also one part of Huaxia culture (ancient Chinese culture before Qin Dynasty). So, it was just a story on one branch of Huaxia states united all others again.

是的，但楚文化本身也是華夏文化（秦以前的中國古代文化）的一部分。 所以，這只是一個華夏諸國中的一支再次統(tǒng)一了其他分支的故事。

Noel Leong

It’s actually the other way round. The Chu culture was a branch of the Han/Huaxia (華夏) Culture. The Chu culture was a hybrid of the Huaxia culture and the culture of the natives living in the Hunan/Hubei region. 其實(shí)情況正好相反。楚文化是漢/華夏文化的一個分支。楚文化是華夏文化與居住在湖南/湖北地區(qū)的土著文化相融合的產(chǎn)物。

Gilbert Doan

Brigitta, he would not know as sum one birth, age, and die in life cycle of china 國中， while they could say 聯(lián)邦中。To them, 中，華, similar for people and lang such as 語中 和 人華。 But 漢 would dynasty tri?u ??i 王朝 king dynast or may be sover, or may be 帝國 hoàng tri?u for d? ch? empire, royal, dynast. Because cult ure in latin root and funct affix mean, end result or consequence of cultivating or with out reusing root, planting, growing, tending, and then harvesting, in plant sense or like live stock too, or just fish in small ping pong pond lake. V?n hoá literate or cause liter 文化 sound same sense as flower or cultivated people 人華，but differed tone upward to downward, where by sum time they just say same syllab and tone for differ stroke eo graph. They would call it more like 漢文化 or 楚文化 han or chu culture for this agri aqua cultivating and duct irrigatos sense, or 楚國 for chu kingdom in like more than farm sense and like feudal milit sense in their time, unknown to engler because its own age only like 4+ cent year old while they few mill old. He don’t know much about chu, may be competing or differed kingdom in their time to han, or simple that 漢字，詞，文 what they known for, may be chu 楚 differed. If talking about as whole between dynast 朝, then 文明 （中，華，東，亞, etc.) What they say in 2+ mill year old word, written or said in modern phono syllabo morph, match what viet still know. V?n hoá 文化, 文明 v?n minh, 人華 ng??i hoa, 語華 ng? hoa, but in gener if they want to say 普通話 mandarin modern han lang written and ora, they still smaller syllab than viet, who when han translate between bi lang, would just say han-viet word that 3+ mill old etc. like one han-viet word or many sense viet modern mono-tri+ syllab sense per strokeograph, they could say in differ lang and main stream 750+ mill in mandarin any where. 布里吉塔（Brigitta），他并不知道中國的“國中”這種生命循環(huán)中的出生、年老和死亡的說法，他們可能會說“聯(lián)邦中”。對他們來說，“中”和“華”在表示人和語言（比如“語中”和“人華”）上是類似的概念。 但“漢”更多是代表一個王朝（朝代）、王權(quán)、統(tǒng)治者，或者可能是“帝國”（皇朝、帝制）的意思。 因?yàn)椤癱ulture”（文化）這個詞源于拉丁語根詞和功能詞綴，意味著耕種的最終結(jié)果，比如種植、生長、照料然后收獲——不僅是植物，也可能是牲畜，甚至只是養(yǎng)在小池塘里的魚。 “文化”這個詞，在越南語中是“v?n hoá”，是與“文化”發(fā)音相似的詞，表示“有文化的人”或“像花一樣被栽培出來的人”（人華）。但在聲調(diào)上有所不同，從上升調(diào)到下降調(diào)，而有時候他們用相同的音節(jié)和聲調(diào)來表示不同的漢字（筆畫圖形）。 他們更可能說“漢文化”或“楚文化”，指的是一種農(nóng)業(yè)與水利灌溉文化（agri-aqua cultivating and duct irrigation），或者“楚國”，指的是楚王國，不僅僅是農(nóng)業(yè)意義上的國家，也是一種封建軍事國家的概念，這是英語世界無法理解的，因?yàn)橛⒄Z文化只有四百多年的歷史，而他們的歷史有幾千年。 他對“楚”了解不多，可能是與“漢”同時代的競爭王國，或者完全不同的一個國家。但漢人所知的是“漢字”、“漢詞”、“漢文”，而“楚”可能有所不同。 如果討論的是一個完整的朝代系統(tǒng)，那么他們就會用“文明”（比如中華文明、東亞文明等等）這種詞匯。這個詞已經(jīng)有兩千年以上的歷史，現(xiàn)在仍以現(xiàn)代音節(jié)-語素的方式書寫或發(fā)音，這和越南語中的詞仍然一致。 比如越南語的“v?n hoá”對應(yīng)中文的“文化”，“v?n minh”對應(yīng)“文明”，“ng??i hoa”對應(yīng)“人華”，“ng? hoa”對應(yīng)“語華”。 但如果他們想說“普通話”（現(xiàn)代漢語書面與口語）這種現(xiàn)代漢語言的話，那越南語的音節(jié)比漢語還要多。而當(dāng)越南人用漢越翻譯方式來處理雙語時，會使用一個已有三千年以上歷史的“漢越詞”，比如一個“漢越詞”可能對應(yīng)現(xiàn)代越南語中一個或多個音節(jié)詞義。而普通話中至少有7.5億人使用這些詞匯，可以在任何地方表達(dá)出來。