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Feng xian
The direct reason was its military defeats.

直接原因是軍事上的潰敗。

All other problems, such as political brutality and cultural integrations, can be solved as long as the Qin army held its ground and defeated the rebels. Those problems indeed contributed to the fall of the Qin dynasty but they were not the direct cause.

只要秦軍能堅守陣地并鎮(zhèn)壓叛亂，其他諸如政治暴虐或文化融合等問題均可解決。這些問題確實加速了秦朝的滅亡，但并非直接誘因。

In short, the elite of the Qin army was divided into two parts, the northern and the southern armies. The Northern units commander Meng Tian was ordered to suicide due to the political struggle. Since the rebellion and uprising against the Qin dynasty began, the northern army led by the vice commander Wang Li was pulled back and fought the rebels.

簡而言之，秦軍精銳分為南北兩部。北軍主將蒙恬因政治斗爭被逼自盡。叛亂爆發(fā)后，副將王離率北軍回師鎮(zhèn)壓。

Yet in one of the greatest battles possibly in the history of the world that was impossible to lose in 999 of 1000, the northern army with the legacy of defeating the xiongnu army and conquered the Eastern Kingdoms, was completely wiped out by xiang Yu’s army. 200,000-300,000 Qin soldiers were either killed or buried alive after they surrendered. xiang Yu historically was considered the greatest general in the East.

然而在這場千載難逢的戰(zhàn)役中（勝率本應高達99.9%），曾擊潰匈奴、橫掃六國的北軍竟被項羽全殲。20-30萬秦兵投降后遭屠殺或活埋。項羽由此被后世奉為東方第一戰(zhàn)神。

Then for the southern army which was responsible for colonisation led by the commander Zhao Tuo, it however completely cut off the connection with China, remained neutral and isolated from the wars and conflicts.

而負責開拓南疆的趙佗所率南軍，卻選擇斷絕與中原聯(lián)系，保持中立置身事外。

Hence, what was left for the Qin dynasty was no more than a group of prisoners and poorly trained security guards. They naturally cannot withstand and even protect their own homeland (the original Qin Kingdom) from the outside forces. It was a matter of time for the Qin core areas to be conquered. Eventually, Liu Bang and xiang Yu broke into the capital one by one and the Emperor was killed and the palace burned into ashes by xiang Yu.

此時秦廷僅剩囚徒與雜役組成的烏合之眾，連故土（原秦國疆域）都無力守衛(wèi)。核心地帶淪陷只是時間問題。最終劉邦項羽先后破城，秦帝遇弒，宮闕盡焚。

That was the direct cause of the fall of the Qin dynasty.

此即秦亡之直接因果。

Stone Chen
The collapse of Qin dynasty was primarily a result of the systematic malfunction of its legalistic political ideology in the new imperial environment.

秦之崩潰本質是其法家治國體系在帝國新環(huán)境下的系統(tǒng)性失靈。

Prior to Qin’s conquest and unification of China, its legalistic system, which was established back in 4th century BCE under Shang Yang’s reforms, had worked noticeably well due to the Qin’s relatively small population and landmass.

商鞅變法（公元前4世紀）確立的法度在統(tǒng)一前運轉良好，因秦國當時地狹人稀。
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Qin’s land was far less fertile than the floodplains of lower Yellow River, hence the number of inhabitants Qin’s lands could sustain was severely limited. Even after Qin’s conquest of the rich soils of Ba and Shu (i.e. present-day Sichuan), we observe no considerable surge in its population until mid 3rd century BCE.

關中土地貧瘠遠遜黃河下游，承載力有限。即便吞并巴蜀沃野（今四川），至公元前3世紀中葉人口仍無顯著增長。

The small population made it possible for the state to rigorously carry out Shang Yang’s draconian penal codes and execute the laws as stated. Within the small state boundary of 4th and early 3rd century BCE Qin, these laws, as harsh as they were, were largely practical because of the simplicity of mobilizing a small population towards a single fixed goal — uniting the country. Drafting was conducted according to the level of income of each household and conscxtion was usually carried out less hastily than other contemporary states. (Below: East Asia circa 350 BCE)

小國寡民使嚴刑峻法得以落實。在有限疆域內(nèi)，雖法令苛刻，但動員民眾實現(xiàn)"統(tǒng)一"單一目標切實可行：按戶等征調，節(jié)奏較他國從容。（下圖：公元前350年東亞局勢）

These all changed fundamentally when Qin transformed from a regional kingdom into a centralized empire. Firstly, its nation-building goals became diversified — it now face at least three immediate challenges that need to be addressed with efficiency and caution:

當秦國升級為中央集權帝國，一切劇變：建國目標多元化，需同時應對三大急務——

The necessity of a unified domestic market, on which Qin Shi Huang launched a series of standardization efforts targeting currency, weights and measures, writing system, even thoughts and philosophy.

構建統(tǒng)一國內(nèi)市場（秦始皇推行貨幣、度量衡、文字乃至思想的標準化）；

The prospect of civil disobedience in conquered areas, and its potential of intensification. As a measure of precaution, Qin Shi Huang confiscated all civilian arms and shipped all weapons to the capital, xianyang. This was hardly an effective move because uprisings in ancient China didn’t necessarily need manufactured arms and ammunitions — club-wielding warriors and donkey-riding knights were all welcomed.

防范六國遺民叛亂（收繳民間兵器運往咸陽，然起義軍本就不依賴制式武器——木棍驢騎皆可成軍）；

The threat from surrounding nomads, namely xiongnu and Baiyue. In the past, borderland states like Yan, Zhao, and Chu all accumulated plenty of experience of dealing with nomadic incursions in a cost-effective way. When Qin took over, it lacked such experience and was forced to combat the problem using the only option left — military conquest. In total Qin deployed over a million troops to the frontier (this included the troops deployed for the construction of the Great Wall, which was also meant to be a defensive measure against xiongnu) and thus left its heartlands virtually undefended. (Below: East Asia in 221 BCE after Qin’s unification of China)

抵御胡越邊患（燕趙楚原有低成本御胡經(jīng)驗，秦卻只能軍事征服：百萬大軍戍邊修長城，致腹地空虛）。（下圖：公元前221年秦統(tǒng)一后的東亞）

We know that the Dazexiang uprising of 209 BCE marked the beginning of the collapse of Qin Empire; the uprising, however, was not some desperate attempt made by cornered animals, rather it was directly caused by Qin’s harsh laws which mandated the execution of anyone who showed up late for obligatory work assignments.

大澤鄉(xiāng)起義（前209年）雖敲響喪鐘，但非困獸之斗——其直接誘因正是"失期當斬"的嚴苛律法。

Chen Sheng, one of the leaders of the revolt, was ordered to march over 1,000 kilometres north to the northern frontier with a band of several hundreds of peasants. One would ask, how come there were no recorded revolts before Qin’s unification of China if its laws were that harsh and inhumane?

義軍領袖陳勝本需帶數(shù)百農(nóng)夫北上戍邊千里。若秦法向來殘暴，為何統(tǒng)一前無大規(guī)模起義？

Like what I’ve explained previously, in the tiny state of Qin where "frontier" literally meant a series of defensive forts and towns on the eastern border with a total length of under 300 km, Qin’s laws were largely executable because of the high degree of predictability. In the new environment where Qin’s population suddenly septupled and its land more than quadrupled, the old legalistic order can no longer work as expected. Even worse, it acted as a catalyst for the fall of the empire.

如前所述：統(tǒng)一前秦國疆域狹小，"邊境"不過三百里防線，法令因可控性強而可行。待疆域擴四倍、人口增七倍，舊法體系必然崩壞，反成催命符。

Ayanga
There are many factors that contributed to the fall of Qin, such as:

秦朝的覆滅有多重因素，例如：

incompetent Second Emperor - unlike the First Emperor, the Second Emperor was stupid and he relied on Zhao Gao to make decision. On the other hand, Second Emperor wanted to show his people that he’s competent. Therefore, he insisted to continue the projects such as the construction of Epang Palace, without trying to slow it down to ease the economy burden; as suggested by Li Si and other competent ministers.

秦二世昏庸無能——與秦始皇不同，他愚鈍且依賴趙高決策。同時，他又急于證明自己，因此不顧李斯等賢臣勸諫，執(zhí)意繼續(xù)阿房宮等工程，不肯放緩以減輕經(jīng)濟負擔。

Qin laws were very strict, but then the Second Emperor made the law even stricter to make his people know that he’s powerful - a very bad move. Especially he didn’t have competency like his father. The law was okay and acceptable for the Qin people who had already used to Legalism and meritocracy system that had been applied in Qin a century earlier. But after the unification and the Qin laws were applied to the whole former states, many people could not accept it.

秦法本已嚴苛，而秦二世為彰顯權威，竟進一步加重刑罰——此舉極其愚蠢，尤其在他缺乏其父才能的情況下。秦人因百年來已適應法家體制，尚能接受嚴法；但統(tǒng)一后，六國遺民對此難以容忍。

Qin laws were very details and strict. For example, there should be a supervisor to check the quality of harvests that was sent to granaries; when the farmer were harvesting, they were not allowed to drink wine, etc. Although the law was actually for the benefit of people, yet it’s too detail and for the people from other states, the laws probably different from their customs. Therefore many of the people (especially aristocrats and noblemen) from the other former six states resented Qin so much.

秦法細致入微，例如：糧食入倉需專人監(jiān)察，農(nóng)民收割時禁酒等。雖本意是為民生，但過于瑣碎，且與六國舊俗相悖。故六國貴族及百姓對秦怨憤極深。
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The economy burden. Li Si asked the Second Emperor to relax the tax and not to continue or slowing down the construction of Epang Palace, Great Wall, and the mausoleum. But instead of slowing down or discontinue, the Second Emperor forced more labor to fasten the project and raised the tax.

經(jīng)濟重負。李斯曾勸秦二世減稅、停建或緩建阿房宮、長城及陵寢，但二世反增徭役、加賦稅以加速工程。

When Hu Hai illegally took the throne, he killed First Emperor’s sons and daughters. Also, he killed many important loyal military officials such as Meng Tian and Meng Yi. These made some loyal officials demotivated and either they were resigned, or they were killed by Hu Hai and Zhao Gao. Therefore, just two years after the First Emperor’s death, only sycophants and flatterers who still in their positions. And these peoples concealed rebellions that were done by peasants in many areas. As a result, the damages were irreversible.

胡亥篡位后，屠戮始皇子女，并誅殺蒙恬、蒙毅等忠臣良將，致使賢臣或隱退或被害。始皇死后僅兩年，朝中只剩諂媚之徒，他們隱瞞各地民變，終致局勢無可挽回。

Zoe Wu
When Qin attacked the six countries, The strategy adopted by the State of Qin was to occupy the population , land and food in the occupied place,and using these resources to constantly expand to obtain more abundant land and population,Collect local taxation and plunder the official wealth,maintain the economic balance of the empire ,and ensure the military logistic.

秦滅六國時，采取“占其地、奪其民、掠其糧”之策，以戰(zhàn)養(yǎng)戰(zhàn)，通過征稅與抄沒貴族財富維持帝國經(jīng)濟與軍需平衡。

After the unification of the six states,the Qin State didn't stop the war, it aimed at the Nanyue and the xiongnu. In 219 B.C. ,the Emperor of Qin launched 500000 troops,Which took 5 years to occupy the Nanyue . In 214 B.C. , Qin Shihuang launched 300000 troops to expel the huns and recover the Hetao area. Although the State of Qin recovered the Nanyue and xiongnu , They are both exotic places and paid very little for their population and land, Which could not make up for the expenditure brought about by the war.

統(tǒng)一后，秦仍未止戰(zhàn)，南征百越（前219年發(fā)兵50萬，耗時五年）、北擊匈奴（前214年遣30萬奪回河套）。雖取勝，但兩地人稀地貧，遠不足以彌補戰(zhàn)爭消耗。

And to calm the soaring bureaucratic costs of the six countries, and caused the financial problem to be prominent.

同時，為鎮(zhèn)壓六國故地，官僚成本激增，財政危機凸顯。

And after the unification of the six countries, the war reduced and idle personnel increased, the government absorbed excess labor through large-scale infrastructure(such as the Great Wall 、Epang Palace、mausoleum). However, the government could not generate income by using such infrastructure. In a short period of time, there was no income.The financial expenditure on infrastructure is rigid, which formed the black hole of financial.

統(tǒng)一后戰(zhàn)事減少，閑散人員增多，朝廷以長城、阿房宮、陵寢等工程吸納勞力。但這些基建無法短期創(chuàng)收，剛性支出形成財政黑洞。
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The government increased the agricultural tax in order to make up for the financial deficit. The official oppressed the peasant，leading to the peasant uprisings, the government cracked down everywhere, the imbalance of financial became more and more serious.

為彌補赤字而加征農(nóng)稅，官吏欺壓百姓致民變四起，鎮(zhèn)壓行動又加劇財政失衡。
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Another secondary the factor is that the Dynastic of Qin didn't do good job in the construction of spiritual civilization, the stability of a regime, the ideological construction is dispensable. The foolish people though of the Qin State trained the peasant into plating machines, the State of Qin was originally a barbarian land. This set was suitable for the people of the Qin State, but not suitable for the people of the six countries.

另一關鍵敗因是精神文明建設的缺失。秦人將民眾視為耕戰(zhàn)機器，這套法度適合原本的“戎狄之邦”，卻與六國文明格格不入。
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For a civilized society, it must have the ideological value that the people acknowledged voluntarily. Especially in peacetime, besides food and clothing, the people also need the ideological construction.Therefore, the collapse of Qin State was so tragic. An ordinary peasant can overthrow it easily when they rose up in arms. Its collapse did not cause any nostalgia among the common people and literati.

文明社會需有民眾自愿認同的價值觀。和平年代除溫飽外，更需思想建設。故秦亡時，一介農(nóng)夫振臂即可傾覆王朝，而百姓士人無一懷念。

Thai Nguyen Gia
You can consider the whole Qin dynasty, and the first generation of Han dynasty, as one grand unification war, with Qin being first campaign, and Han being the other, each campaign last for decades.

可將秦朝與漢初視為一場統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)爭的兩個階段：秦為第一階段，漢為第二階段，各持續(xù)數(shù)十年。

Because the whole thing is to break down seven countries to become one empire, and the whole thing is difficult beyond belief, so it require time more than anyone dare to think about. So the Qin falls is inevitable, really.

因“七國合一”的難度超乎想象，所需時間遠超世人預估，故秦亡實屬必然。

First, Qin dynasty defeat all 6 other countries. But since they didnt do (couldnt and wouldnt) the genocidal thing , there obviously left the remnant resistance from each country. This is inevitable.

秦雖滅六國，但未（也無力）實施種族清洗，各國殘余勢力必然存在。

The embers of resistance burnt quietly under the heavy suppression of Qin occupational army. Even with the whole unification policies to integrate 6 other countries into Qin, it still burn.

在秦軍高壓下，反抗火種始終未滅。即便推行書同文等政策，抵抗仍在持續(xù)。

So when the first Emperor die and the fight for the throne between Qin princes broke out, the resistance fire up all over China. it lead to a total revolt, with the last faction standing, united whole country, become Han Dynasty later on.

故始皇一死，諸子奪嫡，反抗之火瞬間燎原。最終勝出的勢力重整河山，建立漢朝。

In that process, most of local resistance either die out, or integrated into Han Dynasty. So the opposition to this unification process die down.

在此過程中，地方抵抗勢力或消亡或歸順，統(tǒng)一進程的阻力終被瓦解。
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I repeat, the fall of Qin is absolutely inevitable in order to unite 7 countries into one China.

重申：要實現(xiàn)“七國歸一”，秦朝之亡絕對不可避免。

QA回答：什么因素導致了秦朝的滅亡？

QA回答：什么因素導致了秦朝的滅亡？