為什么中國(guó)工資上漲沒(méi)有導(dǎo)致更多制造業(yè)回流到美國(guó)？
Why didn't rising wages in China lead to more manufacturing returning to America?
譯文簡(jiǎn)介
網(wǎng)友：在中國(guó)制造一臺(tái)聯(lián)合收割機(jī)的勞動(dòng)力成本為29,500美元，而在美國(guó)相同的勞動(dòng)力成本為180,000美元。
正文翻譯
Kanthaswamy Balasubramaniam
Labor in China to make a Combine Harvester costs $ 29,500 whereas the same labor costs $ 180,000 in US
在中國(guó)制造一臺(tái)聯(lián)合收割機(jī)的勞動(dòng)力成本為29,500美元，而在美國(guó)相同的勞動(dòng)力成本為180,000美元。
Labor in China to make a Combine Harvester costs $ 29,500 whereas the same labor costs $ 180,000 in US
在中國(guó)制造一臺(tái)聯(lián)合收割機(jī)的勞動(dòng)力成本為29,500美元，而在美國(guó)相同的勞動(dòng)力成本為180,000美元。
This is because
40% of the work in China is fully mechanized unlike only 15% in USA
The Skilled Chinese Worker is paid 2130 Yuan ($ 294) per week for 60 hours (50 hours normal plus 10 hours overtime) versus $ 1,270 a week for 40 hours in the US
The Skilled Chinese worker costs only 37,700 Yuan a year in benefits and security against a whopping $ 30,850 a year for an American worker including Insurance and Workers comp contributions
原因是： 中國(guó)40%的工作完全實(shí)現(xiàn)了機(jī)械化，而美國(guó)只有15%。 熟練的中國(guó)工人每周工作60小時(shí)（正常工作50小時(shí)，加班10小時(shí)），每周工資為2130元人民幣（294美元），而美國(guó)熟練工人每周工作40小時(shí)，工資為1270美元。 中國(guó)熟練工人每年僅需37,700元人民幣的福利和保障，而美國(guó)工人則需高達(dá)30,850美元的福利，包括保險(xiǎn)和工人賠償金。
40% of the work in China is fully mechanized unlike only 15% in USA
The Skilled Chinese Worker is paid 2130 Yuan ($ 294) per week for 60 hours (50 hours normal plus 10 hours overtime) versus $ 1,270 a week for 40 hours in the US
The Skilled Chinese worker costs only 37,700 Yuan a year in benefits and security against a whopping $ 30,850 a year for an American worker including Insurance and Workers comp contributions
原因是： 中國(guó)40%的工作完全實(shí)現(xiàn)了機(jī)械化，而美國(guó)只有15%。 熟練的中國(guó)工人每周工作60小時(shí)（正常工作50小時(shí)，加班10小時(shí)），每周工資為2130元人民幣（294美元），而美國(guó)熟練工人每周工作40小時(shí)，工資為1270美元。 中國(guó)熟練工人每年僅需37,700元人民幣的福利和保障，而美國(guó)工人則需高達(dá)30,850美元的福利，包括保險(xiǎn)和工人賠償金。
This is also because
A Ningbo line can turnover 130 Harvesters a month against 33 for a line in Akron Ohio
China cannot be touched when it comes to manufacturing
此外，原因還在于： 寧波的生產(chǎn)線每月可以生產(chǎn)130臺(tái)收割機(jī)，而俄亥俄州阿克倫的生產(chǎn)線每月只能生產(chǎn)33臺(tái)。 在制造業(yè)方面，中國(guó)無(wú)可匹敵。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://m.mintwatchbillionaireclub.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
A Ningbo line can turnover 130 Harvesters a month against 33 for a line in Akron Ohio
China cannot be touched when it comes to manufacturing
此外，原因還在于： 寧波的生產(chǎn)線每月可以生產(chǎn)130臺(tái)收割機(jī)，而俄亥俄州阿克倫的生產(chǎn)線每月只能生產(chǎn)33臺(tái)。 在制造業(yè)方面，中國(guó)無(wú)可匹敵。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://m.mintwatchbillionaireclub.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
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Wouldn’t it be funny if China outsourced low end manufacturing to America? Can America compete with Bangladesh for garments? Vietnam for slippers?? Malaysia for wooden mallets???
Washington certainly seems to want that bright future for their own citizens.
如果中國(guó)將低端制造業(yè)外包給美國(guó)，豈不是很有趣嗎？美國(guó)能與孟加拉國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)服裝制造嗎？能與越南競(jìng)爭(zhēng)拖鞋嗎？能與馬來(lái)西亞競(jìng)爭(zhēng)木槌嗎？？華盛頓顯然希望美國(guó)公民能擁有那樣的光明未來(lái)。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://m.mintwatchbillionaireclub.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
If you remove the two advantages that China has, “Parts Sourcing” and “Amortized cost” then making in India would be cheaper even after tariffs
Or rather I must say that India should heavily invest in creating the ecosystem of Parts supply chain.
如果去掉中國(guó)的兩個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)：“零件采購(gòu)”和“攤銷成本”，那么即便加上關(guān)稅，在印度制造會(huì)更便宜。
或者我應(yīng)該說(shuō)，印度應(yīng)該大量投資于建立零件供應(yīng)鏈的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。
That needs huge investments for many years without expecting any profits
Only a STATE can do that
You can't expect individuals to do that
China offered to bankroll India in 2018 and India kicked them away
這需要多年的巨大投資，而不能期望立即獲利。
只有國(guó)家才能做到這一點(diǎn)。
你不能指望個(gè)人來(lái)做這個(gè)。
2018年中國(guó)曾提議為印度提供資金支持，但印度拒絕了他們。
yes KB US can touch china in Manufacturing if and only if it Follows MY model .My model is first massive deflation on health spending using Indian Doctors and Indian medicine to cure most of the americans and cut the cartel of US Health Industry, It will free up 1.5 trillion dollar and then use that 1.5 trillion dollars to create Industrial cities for vertical integration then the SOURCING COMPONENT will reduce by a big margin , In that way they can industrialize itself up to 1970s level atleast.
是的，KB，美國(guó)只有在遵循我的模型時(shí)才能趕上中國(guó)。我的模型是首先通過(guò)利用印度醫(yī)生和印度藥物，進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的健康支出通縮，治療大多數(shù)美國(guó)人，并打破美國(guó)健康產(chǎn)業(yè)的卡特爾。這樣可以釋放出1.5萬(wàn)億美元，然后利用這1.5萬(wàn)億美元?jiǎng)?chuàng)建工業(yè)城市，進(jìn)行垂直整合，從而大大降低零部件采購(gòu)成本。通過(guò)這種方式，他們至少能使自己的工業(yè)化水平達(dá)到1970年代的水平。
Are the Chinese workers paid as much or enough so they get a good income from it? Not in USdollars but in buying/spending power where they live?
Chinese workers having 50–60 hour work weeks encourages the thought that others in China are taking in the real profits while the workers get scraps.
中國(guó)工人的工資是否足夠高，讓他們能夠從中獲得良好的收入？不是以美元來(lái)衡量，而是以他們所在地區(qū)的購(gòu)買力和消費(fèi)能力來(lái)衡量？
中國(guó)工人每周工作50-60小時(shí)，這讓人覺(jué)得，其他地方的人在獲得真正的利潤(rùn)，而工人們只得到了微薄的收入。
Part of my reaction is that if it’s too much talk about the high work ethics of Chinese workers and not enough talk about how it’s worth it in the way that they can also enjoy that earned wealth then… well, will the next generation wish to experience the same threadmill?
但現(xiàn)實(shí)是，中國(guó)工人的薪酬是值得的——可能不能讓他們過(guò)上像美國(guó)那樣富裕的生活，但足以讓他們?cè)谥袊?guó)過(guò)上富足的物質(zhì)生活。這無(wú)疑是件好事。
我反應(yīng)的一部分是，如果一直在談?wù)撝袊?guó)工人的高工作倫理，而不夠談?wù)撍麄內(nèi)绾我材芟硎苓@份勞動(dòng)所得的財(cái)富，那么，下一代會(huì)希望經(jīng)歷同樣的痛苦嗎？
In India cost of a combine is around 16 to 19 lakh.How many combine's cost is in the table u have shown for comparison?Is it for one combine in three countries?In India u have shown its cost is 193810 dollar means Rs86/-×193810=Rs166,67,660 which is similar to cost of 10 combines.
在印度，一臺(tái)聯(lián)合收割機(jī)的成本大約是16到19萬(wàn)盧比。你在表格中顯示的成本是指多少臺(tái)聯(lián)合收割機(jī)的成本？這是指三國(guó)的每臺(tái)聯(lián)合收割機(jī)的成本嗎？在印度，你顯示的成本是193810美元，換算成86盧比每美元，就是Rs86×193810=Rs166,67,660，這個(gè)金額與10臺(tái)聯(lián)合收割機(jī)的成本相似。
It is not mechanisation or worker benefits that leads to this vast disparity in costs. The single biggest factor is differences in the purchasing power of currencies. If CNY and INR exchange prices reflected their actual purchasing power you would get very similar costs for the three countries.
導(dǎo)致成本巨大差異的并不是機(jī)械化或工人福利。最大因素是貨幣購(gòu)買力的差異。如果人民幣和印度盧比的匯率反映了它們的實(shí)際購(gòu)買力，那么三國(guó)的成本應(yīng)該非常相似。
What is the source on mechanization of workforce being 40%?
If I follow correctly, it seems that this means that the majority of the industrial workforce of China work in mechanized/automated factory centers. Whereas most of the industrial workforce in the US work in smaller workshop sized factories?
關(guān)于40%的勞動(dòng)力機(jī)械化來(lái)源是什么？
如果我理解正確的話，這似乎意味著中國(guó)的大多數(shù)工業(yè)勞動(dòng)力都在機(jī)械化/自動(dòng)化的工廠中心工作。而美國(guó)的大多數(shù)工業(yè)勞動(dòng)力在較小的車間規(guī)模的工廠工作？
One can then see that not so impossible possibility, that the Red Dragon might eventually become the same the decaying Bald Eagle, labor might get expensive when that massive population/labor pool begins to plateau.
這又提出了另一個(gè)問(wèn)題。機(jī)械化勞動(dòng)力也為老齡化的經(jīng)濟(jì)為自動(dòng)化做好了準(zhǔn)備，幫助緩解勞動(dòng)力成本的增加。
可以看出一個(gè)并非不可能的情形，即中國(guó)可能最終會(huì)像美國(guó)一樣，勞動(dòng)力成本變得昂貴，當(dāng)那個(gè)龐大的勞動(dòng)力人口開(kāi)始達(dá)到峰值時(shí)。
We had a huge temporary shutdown on the ports and other operations due to longshoreman unxs protesting automation and wanting other demands. Some of these people even made around 80k a year for work that barely requires high school level education. It’s no wonder that they refuse to bring more production and other work back to America.
由于碼頭工人聯(lián)合會(huì)抗議自動(dòng)化并提出其他要求，我們經(jīng)歷了一次大規(guī)模的臨時(shí)停工。甚至一些人每年賺80k美元，做的工作幾乎不需要高中教育。這也就不難理解他們?yōu)槭裁淳芙^將更多的生產(chǎn)和其他工作帶回美國(guó)。
This is only true because our dumb asses allowed for this to happen!!! Greedy ass unxs always threatening to strike if pay isn't raised to the point that damn near all manufacturing was sent overseas! And don't be surprised if it happens again!!! unxs were the primary reason for the transition from USA to CHINA! unxs are licking their chops and praying for a revitalization of American manufacturing to go through this process again!
這只是真的，因?yàn)槲覀冞@些傻瓜允許這種情況發(fā)生?。?！貪婪的工會(huì)總是威脅要罷工，如果薪水沒(méi)有提高到足夠的水平，幾乎所有的制造業(yè)都被外包到海外！別驚訝，如果這種情況再次發(fā)生?。?！工會(huì)是美國(guó)制造業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移到中國(guó)的主要原因！工會(huì)正在摩拳擦掌，祈求美國(guó)制造業(yè)的復(fù)興再次經(jīng)歷這個(gè)過(guò)程！
To add to the answers point of increasing mechanize manufacturing in China: China has become by far the biggest user of industrial robots in manufacturing. And it’s still growing. About 35–40% of the worlds industrial robots go to China.
That means, even if US would use more automated manufacturing to reduce cost: China already is far ahead in that
為了補(bǔ)充之前關(guān)于中國(guó)機(jī)械化制造的回答：中國(guó)已經(jīng)成為全球使用工業(yè)機(jī)器人最多的國(guó)家，而且仍在增長(zhǎng)。全球大約35%到40%的工業(yè)機(jī)器人都流向中國(guó)。
這意味著，即使美國(guó)使用更多的自動(dòng)化制造來(lái)降低成本，中國(guó)也已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)走在前面。
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Chinese workers are more hardworking, disciplined, skillful and intelligent compared to the average American worker . Chinese are the smartest race in the world with the highest IQ.
中國(guó)工人比普通美國(guó)工人更加勤勞、紀(jì)律性強(qiáng)、技術(shù)熟練且聰明。中國(guó)人是世界上最聰明的種族，擁有最高的智商。
A few questions, if I may.
Are those wage figures accurate? And, how do they compare to food prices? I'm fairly sure Americans don't have insurance paid by the boss, it comes out of the workers pocket.
The “parts sourcing” value: where are these parts from? There's not that much they can get from American companies.
我有幾個(gè)問(wèn)題，如果可以的話。
那些工資數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確嗎？它們與食品價(jià)格相比如何？我敢肯定，美國(guó)人并不是由老板支付保險(xiǎn)，而是從工人自己口袋里扣除的。
“零部件采購(gòu)”部分：這些零部件來(lái)自哪里？美國(guó)公司能提供的零部件并不多。
Well, the search engines of the internet are saying it is because of:
Global Supply Chains………because many supply chains originated from Asia.
Automation…advances in automation are already in the Asian countries.
Low-Cost Countries……other than China, many other Asian countries are competing with China by offering their lowest wage demands to global companies that were formerly in China.
嗯，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的搜索引擎說(shuō)這是因?yàn)椋?全球供應(yīng)鏈……因?yàn)樵S多供應(yīng)鏈源自亞洲。
自動(dòng)化……自動(dòng)化的進(jìn)展已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)在亞洲國(guó)家。
低成本國(guó)家……除了中國(guó)，許多亞洲國(guó)家通過(guò)提供最低的工資要求，正在與中國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，吸引曾經(jīng)在中國(guó)的全球公司。
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Infrastructure and Expertise…….China has all the building of manufacturers and China already has manufacturing expertise that the United States cannot replicate.
消費(fèi)者偏好……因?yàn)槊绹?guó)人希望產(chǎn)品價(jià)格便宜，他們不在乎產(chǎn)品是否在亞洲制造。
基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和專業(yè)知識(shí)……中國(guó)已經(jīng)建立了完善的制造基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，并且中國(guó)已有制造專業(yè)知識(shí)，這是美國(guó)無(wú)法復(fù)制的。
My last job was managing a big manufacturing operation that included the company’s primary warehouse/distribution center that stocked a line of products made in a Chinese partner’s factory. Their transfer costs wouldn’t even cover my plant’s materials if made here in the U.S. not including labor and overhead like transportation, SG&E. Thus began my quest to understand this quandary.
我之前的工作是管理一個(gè)大型制造業(yè)務(wù)，其中包括公司主要的倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)/分銷中心，存放在中國(guó)合作伙伴工廠生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品。他們的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)成本甚至不足以覆蓋我工廠的材料費(fèi)用，更別提人工和運(yùn)輸、銷售管理等費(fèi)用了。這讓我開(kāi)始著手理解這個(gè)難題。
美國(guó)及大多數(shù)西方公司，采用我所稱的分層供應(yīng)鏈模型。在一個(gè)公司的生產(chǎn)供應(yīng)鏈中，可能有數(shù)十家企業(yè)，每個(gè)企業(yè)都必須支付自己龐大的管理、銷售、營(yíng)銷、技術(shù)、生產(chǎn)組織費(fèi)用，并且仍然需要盈利以滿足股東的要求。中國(guó)則以“中國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)公司”方式運(yùn)作，就像我們19世紀(jì)的“強(qiáng)盜資本家”那樣運(yùn)作。他們只需要覆蓋生產(chǎn)各個(gè)階段的成本，同時(shí)在總銷售額上獲得可接受的投資回報(bào)率，并幾乎沒(méi)有我們西方所面臨的那種高昂的監(jiān)管成本。中國(guó)通過(guò)煤電來(lái)運(yùn)行他們的能源密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，而我們這里的無(wú)知政客卻在關(guān)閉我們的煤電廠。
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中國(guó)燃燒了全球53%的煤炭消費(fèi)量，是美國(guó)的7到8倍，并且每周都會(huì)批準(zhǔn)建設(shè)三座新的煤電廠，依據(jù)2023年能源與清潔空氣研究中心的報(bào)告。2022年中國(guó)批準(zhǔn)建設(shè)了168個(gè)燃煤?jiǎn)卧?，而拜登政府則迫使美國(guó)關(guān)閉了另外75個(gè)煤電廠。如果有人認(rèn)為重工業(yè)（消耗大量能源的制造業(yè)）會(huì)回到美國(guó)，那是不太可能的，因?yàn)榘莸钦拿禾空邔?dǎo)致我們電力成本飆升。
Nicholas Thwaites
Because as China became more expensive, the manufacturing moved to somewhere that was cheap like Vietnam or Cambodia or somewhere rather than a country that was still expensive like the USA.
因?yàn)殡S著中國(guó)變得越來(lái)越貴，制造業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移到了像越南、柬埔寨這樣便宜的地方，而不是像美國(guó)這樣的昂貴國(guó)家。
Largely because Chinese workers are paid substantially substantially less than American workers. Substantially. You can cut off a few subtantiallies and it's still substantially cheaper to manufacture things in China. Check back in 50 years.
主要是因?yàn)橹袊?guó)工人的工資遠(yuǎn)低于美國(guó)工人。差距非常大。即使去掉一些“非?！保谥袊?guó)制造的成本仍然遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于美國(guó)。50年后再看看。
Wages are only one factor. China has invested heavily in automation. That is why they dominate manufacturing. It isn’t wages.
US companies waste their profits on stock buybacks that primarily enrich their executives instead of investing in their future. Their inability to compete is a product of the personal greed of their management not unfair competition.
工資只是一個(gè)因素。中國(guó)在自動(dòng)化方面進(jìn)行了大量投資。這就是它在制造業(yè)中占主導(dǎo)地位的原因，這與工資無(wú)關(guān)。
美國(guó)公司將利潤(rùn)浪費(fèi)在股票回購(gòu)上，這主要是為了讓高管富裕起來(lái)，而不是投資未來(lái)。他們無(wú)力競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的原因在于管理層的個(gè)人貪婪，而非不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。
Despite the rise, Chinese wages are still way lower than those in the US.
If Chinese wages rise, foreign companies may prefer to shift to other low wage countries, not to the US.
盡管中國(guó)的工資上漲，但仍然遠(yuǎn)低于美國(guó)的工資。如果中國(guó)工資繼續(xù)上漲，外國(guó)公司可能更愿意轉(zhuǎn)移到其他低工資的國(guó)家，而不是美國(guó)。
While rising wages in China have made it less of a low-cost manufacturing hub than in the past, several other crucial factors have prevented a large-scale return of manufacturing to the United States:
盡管中國(guó)的工資上漲使其不再像過(guò)去那樣是一個(gè)低成本的制造中心，但一些關(guān)鍵因素仍然阻止了制造業(yè)大規(guī)?；亓鞯矫绹?guó)：
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Established Supply Chains: China has built incredibly complex and efficient supply chains over decades. Many components and raw materials are readily available and cost-effectively sourced within China or neighboring Southeast Asian countries. Replicating these intricate networks in the US is a significant undertaking.
Agglomeration Effects: Industries tend to cluster together, creating specialized knowledge, infrastructure, and labor pools. Moving production back to the US would require rebuilding these clusters, which takes time and investment.
制造生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜性：
已建立的供應(yīng)鏈： 中國(guó)幾十年來(lái)建立了非常復(fù)雜且高效的供應(yīng)鏈。許多組件和原材料可以在中國(guó)或鄰近的東南亞國(guó)家中以成本效益高的方式獲得。要在美國(guó)復(fù)制這些復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)絡(luò)是一個(gè)巨大的工程。
集聚效應(yīng)： 行業(yè)往往會(huì)聚集在一起，形成專業(yè)的知識(shí)、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和勞動(dòng)力池。將生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)回美國(guó)需要重建這些集群，這需要時(shí)間和投資。
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Reduced Labor Dependence: Modern manufacturing is increasingly reliant on automation and advanced technologies. While rising wages in China make labor costs less of a dominant factor, the initial capital investment in automation can be substantial in the US.
Focus on Skilled Labor: Reshoring often requires a skilled workforce to operate and maintain advanced machinery. The US faces a shortage in certain skilled trades, making large-scale reshoring challenging.
自動(dòng)化與技術(shù)：
減少對(duì)勞動(dòng)的依賴：現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)越來(lái)越依賴自動(dòng)化和先進(jìn)技術(shù)。盡管中國(guó)的工資上漲使得勞動(dòng)力成本不再是主導(dǎo)因素，但在美國(guó)，自動(dòng)化的初期資本投資可能是相當(dāng)巨大的。
注重技能勞動(dòng)力：重新帶回生產(chǎn)通常需要一支能夠操作和維護(hù)先進(jìn)機(jī)械的熟練勞動(dòng)力。美國(guó)在某些技術(shù)工種上面臨勞動(dòng)力短缺，這使得大規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)回流變得具有挑戰(zhàn)性。
Regulatory Environment: Businesses often cite the regulatory environment in the US (environmental regulations, labor laws, etc.) as more complex and costly than in some other countries.
Infrastructure: While the US has developed infrastructure, certain areas may require upgrades to efficiently support large-scale manufacturing.
Energy Costs: Energy costs can fluctuate and may be higher in some parts of the US compared to China.
Proximity to Markets: For goods destined for Asian markets, manufacturing in China offers significant logistical advantages.
除工資外的其他成本因素：
監(jiān)管環(huán)境：企業(yè)常常指出，美國(guó)的監(jiān)管環(huán)境（如環(huán)境法規(guī)、勞動(dòng)法等）比一些其他國(guó)家更為復(fù)雜和昂貴。
基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施：雖然美國(guó)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施已發(fā)展完善，但某些地區(qū)可能需要升級(jí)，以有效支持大規(guī)模制造業(yè)。
能源成本：能源成本可能會(huì)波動(dòng)，且在美國(guó)某些地區(qū)可能高于中國(guó)。
靠近市場(chǎng)：對(duì)于面向亞洲市場(chǎng)的商品，在中國(guó)制造具有顯著的物流優(yōu)勢(shì)。
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China's sheer manufacturing capacity is enormous. It would take significant investment and time for the US to build the infrastructure and production capabilities to replace even a portion of that output.
中國(guó)制造能力的規(guī)模：
中國(guó)的制造能力龐大。美國(guó)需要大量的投資和時(shí)間，才能建設(shè)起基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和生產(chǎn)能力，以替代中國(guó)部分的生產(chǎn)輸出。
The US economy has increasingly shifted towards higher-value manufacturing, research and development, and services. While there is some reshoring, it often focuses on advanced manufacturing that benefits from skilled labor and proximity to innovation centers, rather than simply replicating low-cost production.
美國(guó)制造業(yè)的高附加值聚焦：
美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)越來(lái)越向高附加值制造業(yè)、研發(fā)和服務(wù)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型。盡管存在一定的生產(chǎn)回流，然而這種回流通常集中在能夠受益于熟練勞動(dòng)力和創(chuàng)新中心地理優(yōu)勢(shì)的先進(jìn)制造業(yè)，而不僅僅是復(fù)制低成本生產(chǎn)。
While trade tensions and tariffs have prompted some companies to consider diversifying their supply chains, the fundamental economic advantages of China's manufacturing ecosystem still hold for many.
地緣政治和貿(mào)易因素：
盡管貿(mào)易緊張局勢(shì)和關(guān)稅政策促使一些公司考慮多元化其供應(yīng)鏈，但中國(guó)制造生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的基本經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢(shì)仍然對(duì)許多企業(yè)具有吸引力。
總結(jié)： 盡管中國(guó)工資上漲削弱了其成本優(yōu)勢(shì)，但選擇在哪里制造是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的決策，涉及多個(gè)因素，不僅僅是勞動(dòng)力成本。中國(guó)成熟的供應(yīng)鏈、規(guī)模、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施以及其他成本考慮，使其依然對(duì)許多制造商具有吸引力。生產(chǎn)回流到美國(guó)的趨勢(shì)在某些行業(yè)中正在發(fā)生，但這是一個(gè)逐步的過(guò)程，受到多種經(jīng)濟(jì)和戰(zhàn)略因素的影響。
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In capitalist economics, for goods that cannot be strongly differentiated by quality or brand, there is no difference between having a product $5 cheaper, and having a product $10 cheaper.
Cheapest wins.
在資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)中，對(duì)于那些質(zhì)量或品牌無(wú)法明顯區(qū)分的商品來(lái)說(shuō)，產(chǎn)品便宜5美元和便宜10美元沒(méi)有區(qū)別。最便宜的贏。