印度的城市建設(shè)為何這么差？
Why India is So Bad at Building Cities?
譯文簡(jiǎn)介
印度最大的問題是那些以愛國(guó)主義為名為印度問題辯護(hù)的人。
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印度最大的問題是那些以愛國(guó)主義為名為印度問題辯護(hù)的人。
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Biggest problem of India is it's people who defend India's problem in the name of patriotism
印度最大的問題是那些以愛國(guó)主義為名為印度問題辯護(hù)的人。
National pride is a big problem in india...Never saw a proud china and american comments in social media...
民族自豪感在印度是一個(gè)大問題……從未在社交媒體上看到過自豪的中國(guó)人和美國(guó)人的評(píng)論。
Even if Chandigarh is a well planned city still there are garbages and smell of paan, gutka almost everywhere
即使昌迪加爾是一個(gè)規(guī)劃良好的城市，仍然到處都是垃圾和檳榔、古特卡的味道。
Our country loves to fight over religion, caste and regional identity. Our people still lives under medi mindset.
我們的國(guó)家喜歡為宗教、種姓和地區(qū)身份爭(zhēng)吵，我們的人民仍然生活在中世紀(jì)的心態(tài)中。
India has become one of the worst countries to live in but the people still boast off the 5th largest economy tag
印度已經(jīng)成為最不適合生活的國(guó)家之一，但人們?nèi)匀淮祰u自己是第五大經(jīng)濟(jì)體。
All foreigners are saying India is one of the worlds dirtiest countries. Feeling very said to heard that . But it’s fact
所有外國(guó)人都說印度是世界上最臟的國(guó)家之一，聽到這個(gè)我感到非常難過，但這是事實(shí)。
It seems that there are still too many people who don’t understand Made in China. made in China. Today, all products can be made in China. From daily necessities: toothbrushes, shoes, clothes, kitchen utensils, any supplies, electronic products: mobile phones, computers, drones, air conditioners, refrigerators, fans, LED displays, 5G transmission, various cars: traditional fuels including engines 100% manufacturing of independent, gasoline + battery hybrid, pure battery vehicles, buses, large heavy truck lifts, bulldozers, excavators, cargo ships and tank trucks. Space stations, aerospace rockets, supersonic missiles, warships, various military weapons, drones, aero engines, fighter engines, and the recent breakthrough 28nm lithography machine. Huawei has photolithography machines used to manufacture 7-nanometer chips and its own mobile phone operating system. The medium-sized chips required for electronic products come from China, which accounts for 60% of global production of medium-sized chips. All the above products can be 100% independently designed and manufactured in China. Get rid of European and American sanctions
似乎仍然有太多人不理解“中國(guó)制造”。今天，所有產(chǎn)品都可以在中國(guó)制造。從日用品：牙刷、鞋子、衣服、廚房用具、所有用品，電子產(chǎn)品：手機(jī)、電腦、無人機(jī)、空調(diào)、冰箱、風(fēng)扇、LED顯示屏、5G傳輸，各種汽車：包括發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在內(nèi)的傳統(tǒng)燃料100%獨(dú)立制造，汽油+電池混合動(dòng)力、純電池車輛、公交車、大型重型卡車起重機(jī)、推土機(jī)、挖掘機(jī)、貨船和油罐車?？臻g站、航天火箭、超音速導(dǎo)彈、軍艦、各種軍事武器、無人機(jī)、航空發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，以及最近突破的28納米光刻機(jī)。華為擁有用于制造7納米芯片的光刻機(jī)和自己的手機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)。電子產(chǎn)品所需的中型芯片來自中國(guó)，占全球中型芯片產(chǎn)量的60%。以上所有產(chǎn)品都可以在中國(guó)100%獨(dú)立設(shè)計(jì)和制造。中國(guó)可以擺脫歐美的制裁。
I am a civil engineer with interest in urban planning but I don't see any good paying jobs in this field in India, so why would people even bother about these things.
我是一名對(duì)城市規(guī)劃感興趣的土木工程師，但我在印度看不到這個(gè)領(lǐng)域有任何高薪工作，所以人們?yōu)槭裁匆P(guān)心這些事情呢？
In a few decades, Indian media will be comparing their cities against those in Pakistan and Bangladesh and ask this same question again when Pakistan and Bangladesh surpasses them: "Why India is So Bad as Building Cities?"
How long will it take for India to start building it's cities instead of talking about their GDP?
幾十年后，印度媒體將把他們的城市與巴基斯坦和孟加拉國(guó)的城市進(jìn)行比較，并在巴基斯坦和孟加拉國(guó)超越他們時(shí)再次問同樣的問題：“為什么印度在建設(shè)城市方面如此糟糕？”
印度還需要多久才能開始建設(shè)城市而不是談?wù)撍麄兊腉DP？
Biggest problem is population and corruption.
Many highly reputed firms are able to design cities ,but many civil servants and authorities comes in between to obstruct the plan.
印度最大的問題是人口和腐敗。
許多聲譽(yù)很高的公司能夠設(shè)計(jì)城市，但許多公務(wù)員和當(dāng)局會(huì)介入并阻礙計(jì)劃。
It is difficult for India to become a developed country, and this is not to belittle India. India's political complexity, land area, population density, climate, natural resources, and cultural and social atmosphere based on religion and caste system. It is destined that it is difficult for India to make per capita wealth very high. India has now become the most populous country, and its population is still growing rapidly. How can so many people get enough and decent jobs? What industry to rely on? India needs to face the fact that India is in a very different environment from China 40 years ago. 30 years ago, globalization had just begun, the Cold War had just ended, the whole world was thriving, and people's desire for consumption and development was in its golden age. At this time, China took over the work of the world's factory, vigorously developed manufacturing, and suppressed population growth. China seized the opportunity of the times. However, today, with the rise of deglobalization, the global economic depression, and the reduction of demand, and the rapid rise of automation and AI industries, India has not yet developed a complete industrial system. Although India has cheap labor today, no matter how cheap it is, how can Indian workers compete with automated robots controlled by AI? This environment is actually good for China, because after decades of accumulation, China is currently a leader in related industries and has great technological advantages. Young Chinese people no longer work in factories, and China is currently one of the biggest promoters of automation and AI.
印度很難成為一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，這并不是貶低印度。印度的政治復(fù)雜性、土地面積、人口密度、氣候、自然資源以及基于宗教和種姓制度的文化和社會(huì)氛圍，注定印度很難使人均財(cái)富非常高。印度現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為人口最多的國(guó)家，而且人口仍在快速增長(zhǎng)，這么多人如何獲得足夠和體面的工作？依靠什么行業(yè)？印度需要面對(duì)一個(gè)事實(shí)，即印度與40年前的中國(guó)處于非常不同的環(huán)境中。30年前，全球化剛剛開始，冷戰(zhàn)剛剛結(jié)束，整個(gè)世界都在蓬勃發(fā)展，人們對(duì)消費(fèi)和發(fā)展的渴望正處于黃金時(shí)代。此時(shí)，中國(guó)接管了世界工廠的工作，大力發(fā)展制造業(yè)并抑制了人口增長(zhǎng)，中國(guó)抓住了時(shí)代的機(jī)遇。然而，今天，隨著去全球化的興起、全球經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條和需求減少，以及自動(dòng)化和AI產(chǎn)業(yè)的迅速崛起，印度尚未發(fā)展出完整的工業(yè)體系。盡管印度今天有廉價(jià)的勞動(dòng)力，但無論多么廉價(jià)，印度工人如何與由AI控制的自動(dòng)化機(jī)器人競(jìng)爭(zhēng)？這種環(huán)境實(shí)際上對(duì)中國(guó)有利，因?yàn)榻?jīng)過幾十年的積累，中國(guó)目前在相關(guān)行業(yè)中處于領(lǐng)先地位并擁有巨大的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)。中國(guó)的年輕人不再在工廠工作，中國(guó)目前是自動(dòng)化和AI的最大推動(dòng)者之一。
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Along with well planning of big cities, it is very important to plan small cities also and their demands should be fulfilled as per the local needs so that migration is minimized.
除了大城市的良好規(guī)劃外，規(guī)劃小城市也非常重要，并且應(yīng)根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)匦枨鬂M足他們的需求以盡量減少遷移。
India will rise when all the people of all castes and religions will work and share together with each other without any hatred, racism or discrimination.
當(dāng)所有種姓和宗教的人們都能在沒有仇恨、種族主義或歧視的情況下一起工作和分享時(shí)，印度將會(huì)崛起。
Placing some new Skyscrapers with old buildings doesnt make the vibe of a foreign city. Moreover its essential to build green spaces and parks or places to sit and rest which can hardly find in Indian cities.
在舊建筑旁邊建一些新的摩天大樓并不能營(yíng)造出外國(guó)城市的氛圍。此外，建設(shè)綠地和公園或供人們坐下休息的地方至關(guān)重要，而這些在印度城市中幾乎找不到。
I visited Surat about five years ago. It was an amazing experience. The streets were extremely crowded, and there were cows wandering around on the streets. I was so excited to see people dancing until the early hours of the morning. Anyway, although the sanitation needs to be improved, India is a vibrant and incredible country. I'm looking forward to my next trip to India. Love from China!
我大約五年前訪問了蘇拉特，那是一次令人驚嘆的經(jīng)歷，街道非常擁擠，街上還有牛在游蕩?？吹饺藗兲璧搅璩?，我感到非常興奮。無論如何，盡管衛(wèi)生條件需要改善，印度是一個(gè)充滿活力和令人難以置信的國(guó)家。我期待下一次去印度的旅行，來自中國(guó)的愛！
One of the biggest reasons that blocks the allowance for growth is the high restrictions on FSI. which limits the number and height of skyscrapers in India. and cities tend to get so overcrowded which leaves expensive accomodation, dense traffic and unease for skilled to people to work there. While most of the asian countries have FSI like 15, 18, 25. India has only 1.5 in most of the States.
阻礙發(fā)展的最大原因之一是對(duì)FSI（容積率）的高度限制，這限制了印度摩天大樓的數(shù)量和高度。城市往往變得過于擁擠，導(dǎo)致住房昂貴、交通擁堵，使技術(shù)人才難以在那里工作。大多數(shù)亞洲國(guó)家的FSI為15、18、25，而印度大多數(shù)邦的FSI僅為1.5。
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We forgot our ancient History and Civilization and in order to impress someone we are Learning and Talking English and following British laws and British systems..
Due to which we lack everything. There is no self made things in India.. unfortunately
我們忘記了自己的古代歷史和文明，為了取悅他人，我們學(xué)習(xí)并講英語，遵循英國(guó)的法律和制度。
因此，我們?nèi)狈σ磺?。不幸的是，印度沒有自主創(chuàng)造的東西……
i am a student and i tried very much to be optimistic about our country but i can not do it anymore there is only way our country can get rid of most of its problem like lack of education, civic problem, caste problem, urban planning, corruption and many more either by establish a *** like system or sort of monarch plus democracy thing where most of the national level problem will be dealt with monarch and the local level things with democracy and monarch can keep democratic government in check cause our main problem lies in our institutions like civil service, judiciary, law enforcement cause they all running by laws made in colonial era. i don't know why government is not fixing these things may be because they don't have majority in parliament. anyway share your thoughts on removing democracy to fix our problems.
我是一名學(xué)生，我曾盡力對(duì)我們的國(guó)家保持樂觀，但我再也做不到了。我們國(guó)家擺脫大多數(shù)問題（如教育不足、公民問題、種姓問題、城市規(guī)劃、腐敗等）的唯一方法是要么建立一個(gè)類似中G的制度，要么實(shí)行一種君主加民主的制度，其中大多數(shù)國(guó)家層面的問題由君主處理，地方層面的事務(wù)由民主處理，君主可以制約民主政府，因?yàn)槲覀兊闹饕獑栴}在于我們的機(jī)構(gòu)，如公務(wù)員、司法、執(zhí)法部門，因?yàn)樗鼈兌歼\(yùn)行于殖民時(shí)代制定的法律。我不知道為什么政府不解決這些問題，可能是因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谧h會(huì)中沒有多數(shù)席位。無論如何，請(qǐng)分享你對(duì)廢除民主以解決問題的看法。
Even some african countries and SE asian countries have surpassed india in urban planning. Some of their cities look so clean and modern. Just growing GDP doesnt mean shit if your country's basic things are in ruins. India is just on a downhill now, dark days ahead. Corruption and politics have totally ruined it
甚至一些非洲國(guó)家和東南亞國(guó)家在城市規(guī)劃方面已經(jīng)超過了印度，他們的一些城市看起來非常干凈和現(xiàn)代化。如果你的國(guó)家的基本設(shè)施破敗不堪，僅僅GDP增長(zhǎng)毫無意義。印度現(xiàn)在正在走下坡路，黑暗的日子在前方，腐敗和政治已經(jīng)完全毀了它。
While I don't agree that fancy projects like skyscrapers are indicative of better urban planning or an advanced society, I 100% agree with everything else mentioned in this video. As an IITIAN who later pivoted to digital design, I was quick to see how our cities lagged behind in those regards. So far, I've seen Bangalore residents have the most will to engage with these crucial topics but that willingness is not absent in most other places. I wish urban planning was a more lucrative field in terms of both money and the ability to create an impact without the stupid roadblocks put in place by our bureaucrats and other corrupt officials.
雖然我不認(rèn)為像摩天大樓這樣的豪華項(xiàng)目是更好的城市規(guī)劃或先進(jìn)社會(huì)的標(biāo)志，但我100%同意視頻中提到的其他內(nèi)容。作為一名后來轉(zhuǎn)向數(shù)字設(shè)計(jì)的印度理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)生，我很快就看到了我們的城市在這些方面的落后。到目前為止，我看到班加羅爾居民最有意愿參與這些關(guān)鍵話題，但這種意愿在其他大多數(shù)地方也并不缺乏。我希望城市規(guī)劃在金錢和創(chuàng)造影響力方面是一個(gè)更有利可圖的領(lǐng)域，而不受我們官僚和其他腐敗官員設(shè)置的愚蠢障礙的阻礙。
Indians talk more and do less, while Chinese talk less and do more! It can only be said that Indians are the most confident people in the world, because they can speak eloquently about everything, but it remains just talk and is never truly put into action.
印度人說得多做得少，而中國(guó)人說得少做得多！我只能說印度人是世界上最自信的人，因?yàn)樗麄兛梢蕴咸喜唤^地談?wù)撘磺?，但這只是空談，從未真正付諸行動(dòng)。
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The amount of damage congress has done to this country is immeasurable. Along with the urban land ceiling act, there was also the agriculture land ceiling act, which ruined the agricultural sector just like our cities and is the root cause of farmer suicides and loan burdens. Along with that congress did gave all the land they could to waqf board and church
國(guó)大黨對(duì)這個(gè)國(guó)家造成的損害是不可估量的。除了城市土地上限法，還有農(nóng)業(yè)土地上限法，這就像毀了我們的城市一樣毀了農(nóng)業(yè)部門，也是農(nóng)民自殺和貸款負(fù)擔(dān)的根源。此外，國(guó)大黨還盡其所能將所有土地交給了瓦克夫委員會(huì)和教會(huì)。
to even dream that india will become regional power is impossible so best way of survival is learn in trend skill get basic experience and leave india as soon as possible for better quality of life and just for the sake of living rather than just existing in a depressing country who has no future hope and aspiration for its people
甚至夢(mèng)想印度成為地區(qū)強(qiáng)國(guó)都是不可能的，所以最好的生存方式是學(xué)習(xí)熱門技能，獲得基本經(jīng)驗(yàn)，并盡快離開印度以獲得更好的生活質(zhì)量。這僅僅是為了生活，而不是在一個(gè)沒有未來希望和人民抱負(fù)的令人沮喪的國(guó)家中生存。
The government and people of India should work hard. The government should improve the streets and urban facilities, and the people should improve the overall culture.
印度政府和人民應(yīng)該努力工作。政府應(yīng)該改善街道和城市設(shè)施，人民應(yīng)該改善整體文化。
its horrendous that after independence we haven't been able to build one city like Chandigarh. Each state should have one planned city when things are not chaotic. Their is housing codes, street codes, avenues, sectors, vehicle control codes. Rules are followed religiously.
令人震驚的是獨(dú)立后我們未能建成一個(gè)像昌迪加爾這樣的城市。每個(gè)邦都應(yīng)該在事情不混亂時(shí)有一個(gè)規(guī)劃好的城市，有住房法規(guī)、街道法規(guī)、大道、區(qū)域、車輛控制法規(guī)，規(guī)則被嚴(yán)格遵守。
Indians like to discuss a single issue separately. The construction of a city is a systematic issue involving many aspects, the most important of which is money. Urban construction requires a lot of money. Roads, bridges, public buildings, residential buildings, stations, subways, water supply and drainage facilities, garbage disposal, sewage treatment, and urban greening all require a lot of money. These facilities not only require money to build, but also require a lot of money to maintain and operate these facilities. When your people have money, there will not be so many tuk-tuks and motorcycles on the city roads. Ordinary people will drive cars, and the traffic order will be better. When the government has money, it will pave better roads and green more places, so that the city will not be dusty and dirty.
印度人喜歡單獨(dú)討論一個(gè)問題。城市建設(shè)是一個(gè)涉及多方面的系統(tǒng)性問題，其中最重要的是錢。城市建設(shè)需要大量的資金，道路、橋梁、公共建筑、住宅建筑、車站、地鐵、供水和排水設(shè)施、垃圾處理、污水處理和城市綠化都需要大量的資金。這些設(shè)施不僅需要資金來建設(shè)，還需要大量資金來維護(hù)和運(yùn)營(yíng)這些設(shè)施。當(dāng)你們的人民有錢時(shí)，城市道路上就不會(huì)有那么多三輪車和摩托車了。普通人會(huì)開車，交通秩序會(huì)更好。當(dāng)政府有錢時(shí)，它會(huì)鋪設(shè)更好的道路，綠化更多的地方，這樣城市就不會(huì)塵土飛揚(yáng)和骯臟。
Large and populous countries are rapidly developing their infrastructure. In India, corruption enabled by the rulers, along with mismanagement, is the main obstacle to development. If anyone believes that voting for dishonest, corrupt, short-sighted, and nepotistic traditional parties (often supported by caste and religion) will improve citizens' living standards, they are mistaken. The population trends of developed countries, such as the USA, Germany, France, Japan, Korea, and Canada, show that when living conditions improve post-independence, population growth naturally declines.
人口眾多的大國(guó)正在迅速發(fā)展其基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。在印度，統(tǒng)治者縱容的腐敗以及管理不善是發(fā)展的主要障礙。如果有人相信投票給不誠(chéng)實(shí)、腐敗、短視和任人唯親的傳統(tǒng)政黨（通常由種姓和宗教支持）會(huì)提高公民的生活水平，那他們就錯(cuò)了。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家如美國(guó)、德國(guó)、法國(guó)、日本、韓國(guó)和加拿大的人口趨勢(shì)表明，當(dāng)獨(dú)立后生活條件改善時(shí)，人口增長(zhǎng)自然會(huì)下降。
Perennial systemic negligence to overcome the stated problems and lack of aesthetic sense (or indifferent to deterioration of surround) by public and system has been and will remain as the main reason of the present deteriorate condition of Indian cities. Now the condition has become almost unrecoverable, but still nobody including the system gives much attention to this.
長(zhǎng)期系統(tǒng)性忽視以克服所述問題，以及公眾和系統(tǒng)缺乏審美意識(shí)（或?qū)χ車h(huán)境惡化漠不關(guān)心），一直是并將繼續(xù)是印度城市現(xiàn)狀惡化的主要原因。現(xiàn)在情況已經(jīng)幾乎無法挽回，但仍然沒有人包括體制對(duì)此給予太多關(guān)注。
There are not enough projects for architects to survive, only big players can survive and also when they take bribes from contractors to lower the bids in government tenders, private clients dont feel like paying an architect and those who do are the richies who are going to go with big architects which are very less in numbers.
建筑師沒有足夠的項(xiàng)目來生存，只有大玩家才能生存，而且當(dāng)他們從承包商那里收受賄賂以降低政府招標(biāo)中的投標(biāo)時(shí)，私人客戶不愿意支付建筑師費(fèi)用，而那些愿意支付的富人則會(huì)選擇大建筑師，而這些大建筑師的數(shù)量非常少。
Lack of Central Planning and ML in indian logistics is the issue. Indian cities arent planned. Trains arent. Everything is disconnected and stupid. The states should start central planning and then the unx govt if this were to work. Energize the states, energize the economy
印度物流缺乏中央規(guī)劃和機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)是問題所在。印度城市沒有規(guī)劃，火車也沒有，一切都是脫節(jié)和愚蠢的。各邦應(yīng)該開始中央規(guī)劃，然后聯(lián)邦政府才能發(fā)揮作用。激活各邦就能激活經(jīng)濟(jì)。
Maharashtra's total fertility rate is less than 2.1 since 2005 but population of Maharashtra is continuously increasing due to migrants from other states. After some year migrants never leave our state. Wherever you see MIDC area , there will be larger population of migrants from other states.They settle here and disturb state polytics .??. There should population control bill in up and bihar . Maharashtra should impose migrant tax on them.
自2005年以來，馬哈拉施特拉邦的總生育率低于2.1，但由于來自其他邦的移民，馬哈拉施特拉邦的人口持續(xù)增加。幾年后，移民永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)離開我們的邦。無論你在哪里看到MIDC地區(qū)，都會(huì)有大量來自其他邦的移民。他們?cè)谶@里定居并擾亂邦政治。北方邦和比哈爾邦應(yīng)該有人口控制法案，馬哈拉施特拉邦應(yīng)該對(duì)他們征收移民稅。
These days favourite topic of YouTubers: India vs China but reality there is hardly anything in common between them; right from the governance models. In Mumbai, one government is trying to improve or redevelop the largest slum in India and other is opposing that.
如今，YouTuber們最喜歡的話題是印度 vs 中國(guó)，但實(shí)際上它們之間幾乎沒有什么共同點(diǎn)；從治理模式開始就完全不同。在孟買，一個(gè)政府正在努力改善或重建印度最大的貧民窟，而另一個(gè)政府卻在反對(duì)。
Many towns and cities in our country have government land which is either underdeveloped or has very sparse build-up areas. These include Railway colonies, PSU townships, Defense cantonments etc. These were initially made on the outskirts but eventually the town became big enough to surround them. The town surrounding it has super dense unplanned slums and urban villages but the state government will only pay attention to these places when some illegal building falls on the slums or their is a explosion in the slums killing some people. The Municipal corporations don't have funds to make affordable public housing despite being the most capable of executing them. The state government is too big to care about local problems.
Why doesn't these empty or sparse lands be re-densified or should I say be newly densified? They are in the middle of a city. Big monetary gains for the local as well as central government. Still why enough steps haven't been taken in this direction? Why should our people commute long distances from outskirts to work in the middle when there is empty land in the middle of the city? If some slums come up in this land it becomes an eyesore as well as law and order issue. Why not make public housing for the poor slum dwellers in these spaces while demolishing existing slum? Answer - Promises fetch more votes than actions.
我們國(guó)家的許多城鎮(zhèn)都有政府土地，這些土地要么未開發(fā)，要么建筑稀疏。這些包括鐵路殖民地、公共部門企業(yè)城鎮(zhèn)、國(guó)防營(yíng)地等他們最初建在郊區(qū)，但最終城鎮(zhèn)變得足夠大，包圍了它們。周圍的城鎮(zhèn)有超級(jí)密集的無規(guī)劃貧民窟和城市村莊，但邦政府只會(huì)在一些非法建筑倒塌或貧民窟發(fā)生爆炸導(dǎo)致人員死亡時(shí)才會(huì)關(guān)注這些地方。市政公司盡管最有能力執(zhí)行，但沒有資金建造經(jīng)濟(jì)適用房。邦政府太大，它不會(huì)關(guān)心地方問題。
為什么這些空置或稀疏的土地不被重新密集化？它們位于城市的中心，對(duì)地方和中央政府都有巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，為什么還沒有采取足夠的措施？為什么我們的人民要從郊區(qū)長(zhǎng)途通勤到市中心工作，而市中心就有空地？如果一些貧民窟在這片土地上出現(xiàn)，它就會(huì)成為眼中釘并面臨法律與秩序問題。為什么不拆除現(xiàn)有的貧民窟，在這些地方為貧民窟居民建造公共住房？答案是——承諾比行動(dòng)更能贏得選票。
Starting from Indus valley, Patliputra, Hampi and other cities of prehistoric Indian period were setting the benchmark of indian architecture and city planning worldwide
After Islamic and Euro Colonization, there is something majorly happened impacting the Indians psychology which needs to be deeply studied and researched upon by Indian government as there is evidence of british revoking varana system to develop caste and skin color discrimination among the people, sadly politicans today are using this as vote bank.
從印度河流域、巴特那、漢皮等史前印度時(shí)期的城市開始，它們?yōu)橛《冉ㄖ统鞘幸?guī)劃設(shè)定了全球基準(zhǔn)。
在伊斯蘭和歐洲殖民之后，發(fā)生了一些重大事件，影響了印度人的心理，印度政府需要對(duì)此進(jìn)行深入研究和調(diào)查，因?yàn)橛凶C據(jù)表明英國(guó)撤銷了瓦爾納制度以發(fā)展種姓和膚色歧視，遺憾的是，今天的政客們正在利用這一點(diǎn)作為選票庫。