印度如此貧窮是因為英國嗎？
Is India So Poor Because of the United Kingdom?
譯文簡介
網(wǎng)友：國家之所以貧窮，是因為政策無效和腐敗。我朋友的墨西哥父親告訴我，墨西哥貧窮是因為西班牙人，我的回應(yīng)是墨西哥貧窮是因為墨西哥的政客，西班牙人已經(jīng)離開200多年了。
正文翻譯
印度如此貧窮是因為英國嗎？
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@williamalfonso1373
Countries remain poor due to ineffective policies and corruption. My friend's Mexican dad told me Mexico is poor due to the Spanish, my response was that Mexico is poor due to Mexican politicians. The Spanish left over 200 years ago
國家之所以貧窮，是因為政策無效和腐敗。我朋友的墨西哥父親告訴我，墨西哥貧窮是因為西班牙人，我的回應(yīng)是墨西哥貧窮是因為墨西哥的政客，西班牙人已經(jīng)離開200多年了。
Yes. India is poor due to embracing socialism instead of capitalism. The distrust in capitalism was created due to expliotative British crony capitalism and it took India 40 years and a deep economic crisis of 1991 to realise that capitalism is the better way.
是的，印度貧窮是因為選擇了社會主義而不是資本主義。對資本主義的不信任是由于英國剝削性的裙帶資本主義造成的，印度花了40年和1991年的嚴(yán)重經(jīng)濟危機才意識到資本主義是更好的道路。
Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew once said he won't be able to do in India what he did in Singapore - reason being India was NOT a BIG country but MANY BIG countries, each with different history, culture, language, traditions, and unfortunately, antagonistic past with each other.
When goods are heavily taxed for passing through state lines (which happened in early years of post-independence USA), it was very challenging to have an efficient export economy earning much needed foreign hard currency, while stiff import tariffs made modernization very expensive.
It is only in the 21st century that technology allowed the Central government to bypass layers of regional bureaucracies to communicate directly to individual citizens, and universal digitization of banking allowed the government to get a better visibility and management of finance and economy.
新加坡的李光耀曾經(jīng)說過，他無法在印度做到他在新加坡所做的事情——原因是印度不是一個“大國”，而是“許多大國”，每個國家都有不同的歷史、文化、語言、傳統(tǒng)，而且不幸的是，彼此之間有對抗的歷史。
當(dāng)貨物在邦際之間運輸時被課以重稅（這在獨立后的美國早期發(fā)生過），建立一個高效的出口經(jīng)濟以賺取急需的外匯是非常具有挑戰(zhàn)性的，而高額的進(jìn)口關(guān)稅使現(xiàn)代化變得非常昂貴。
直到21世紀(jì)，技術(shù)才使中央政府能夠繞過層層地方官僚機構(gòu)，直接與個人公民溝通，而銀行系統(tǒng)的全面數(shù)字化使政府能夠更好地了解和管理財政與經(jīng)濟。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://m.mintwatchbillionaireclub.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處
The Bengal famine of 1943 was one of the worst disasters in twentieth century South Asia. It was devastating in terms of its scale, causing three million deaths and occurred during the midst of World War II, when India was under the British Raj. My ancestors were survivors of that wasn't that a holocaust? why no trial for evil british royal family and their goons/looters
1943年的孟加拉饑荒是20世紀(jì)南亞最嚴(yán)重的災(zāi)難之一。其規(guī)模之大令人震驚，導(dǎo)致300萬人死亡，這發(fā)生在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時印度處于英國的統(tǒng)治之下。我的祖先是那場災(zāi)難的幸存者，難道那不是一場大屠殺嗎？為什么邪惡的英國王室及其幫兇/掠奪者沒有受到審判？
I think this guy loves Britain ?? let me tell you during Mauryan empire around 30% of the world's gdp was from India, during Mughal times around 26% of the world's gdp was from India but what suddenly happened that when the British colonised it it fell from 25% to less than 3%, precious stone's, diamond's,gold, artifact's,idols, millions of people dead due to famines, GENO....s, infanticides, mass migration due to partition, hunger, poverty all came under British rule. British left India but at what cost, dividing India into 3 nation's based on religion, not only did it kill millions of people due to migration but issues like kashmir problem has not been solved thanks to Britishers ?? India was called as Golden bird but after Britishers colonised it is no were near to gold alone but mashallah India has achieved fastest growing economy ??
我覺得這家伙愛英國。讓我告訴你，在孔雀王朝時期，印度占世界GDP的30%，在莫臥兒時期占26%，但當(dāng)英國殖民后，它突然從25%下降到不到3%，寶石、鉆石、黃金、文物、偶像，數(shù)百萬人因饑荒、種族滅絕、殺嬰、因分治而大規(guī)模遷移、饑餓、貧困而死亡，所有這些都發(fā)生在英國統(tǒng)治下。英國離開了印度，但代價是什么？根據(jù)宗教將印度分成三個國家，不僅因遷移導(dǎo)致數(shù)百萬人死亡，而且像克什米爾這樣的問題至今未解決，這要感謝英國人。印度曾被稱為“金鳥”，但英國人殖民后，它離“金”字差得遠(yuǎn)，但感謝真主，印度已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)了最快的經(jīng)濟增長。
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I think you are confusing a lot of coincidences with causation. I mean did India get railroads because the British ruled, or because railroads were invented? The Japanese managed to get railroads without being ruled by the British.
我認(rèn)為你混淆了很多巧合與因果關(guān)系。我的意思是印度得到鐵路是因為英國的統(tǒng)治，還是因為鐵路被發(fā)明了？日本人在沒有被英國統(tǒng)治的情況下也成功建立了鐵路。
This video is clearly trying to play the same 'both sides' style here made famous by media reporting on climate change. It even misreports in order to do so. For instance, the video claims the British prevented famines in their later years, such that they stopped being a thing. Literally one of the biggest famines in Indian history - the Bengal Famine - happened close to the end of British rule. The unalive count is comparable to the atrocities committed by the very enemies they were fighting in Europe. The chart that Indian manufacturing wages went up in the last few decades exactly coincides with the end of the first world war - when the Indian govt. was given a little more devolution due to their freedom struggle making the most of the war to extract concessions. In other words, that was India taking back some power over their own administration, and benefiting therein. And so on. There isn't actually much debate over the dexerious effects of British colonialism among either historians or economists, there's just a holdout of mainly conservative British and American historians (most famously Niall Ferguson) who like to argue that it was good. There are unalive count estimates that make even world war 2 seem small - like upto 165 MILLION between just 1880 and 1920. There are calculations of how much wealth was extracted of over 45 TRILLION dollars. Etc. It is well accepted in the field, just as it is with scientists on climate change, that colonialism did a lot of harm. Not just in absolute terms, but even compared to the standards at the time or the times that came before it. Via taxes, tariffs, trade restrictions and much else India fell from a QUARTER of the world economy to a hundredth of it. And no, that wasn't just the west going ahead, it was India falling apart.
這個視頻顯然在試圖采用媒體在氣候變化報道中著名的“兩面性”風(fēng)格，它甚至為了做到這一點而誤報。例如，視頻聲稱英國在其統(tǒng)治晚期防止了饑荒，以至于饑荒不再發(fā)生。實際上，印度歷史上最大的饑荒之一——孟加拉饑荒——發(fā)生在英國統(tǒng)治接近結(jié)束時，其死亡人數(shù)與他們正在歐洲與之作戰(zhàn)的敵人所犯下的暴行相當(dāng)。印度制造業(yè)的工資在過去幾十年上升的圖表正好與第一次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束相吻合——當(dāng)時印度政府由于自由斗爭充分利用戰(zhàn)爭來爭取讓步，獲得了一些分權(quán)。換句話說，那是印度重新獲得一些行政權(quán)力并從中受益，等等。歷史學(xué)家或經(jīng)濟學(xué)家之間實際上對英國殖民主義的有害影響并沒有太多爭議，只有一些主要是保守的英國和美國歷史學(xué)家（最著名的是尼爾·弗格森）堅持認(rèn)為這是好的。死亡人數(shù)的估計甚至使第二次世界大戰(zhàn)顯得微不足道——僅在1880年至1920年之間就有高達(dá)1.65億人死亡。有計算顯示，印度被掠奪的財富超過45萬億美元，等等。在這個領(lǐng)域，就像科學(xué)家對氣候變化的看法一樣，殖民主義造成了很大的危害。不僅在絕對意義上，而且與當(dāng)時或之前的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相比，通過稅收、關(guān)稅、貿(mào)易限制和其他許多手段，印度從世界經(jīng)濟的四分之一下降到百分之一。不，那不僅僅是西方在前進(jìn)，而是印度在崩潰。
This is rapidly changing. Before the westerners/whites say "wE hAvE bEen hearing this forever about India", India only opened up in early 90s, and growth has been very high since then. Just that population growth rate was also high, which didn't correlate to per capita gdp growth. Now that India is below birth replacement rate, and growth rate of population is <0.7 (2022), per capita GDP will increase much faster.
China also grew on average at 10% for 30-35 years, but the per capita gdp was still low till 2004-05, but then their population growth rate started going down (unnaturally), their per capita GDP increased drastically. India will see a similar rise, but the growth will be much longer, even if not as high as China since India didn't have the one-child policy.
這種情況正在迅速改變。在西方人/白人說“我們一直聽到關(guān)于印度的這種說法”之前，印度在上世紀(jì)90年代初開放，自那以來增長非常快。只是人口增長率也很高，以至于這與人均GDP的增長不相關(guān)。現(xiàn)在印度的出生率低于替代率，人口增長率<0.7（2022年），人均GDP將更快增長。
中國在30-35年間平均增長10%，其人均GDP在2004-05年之前仍然很低，但隨后他們的人口增長率開始下降（不自然地），他們的人均GDP急劇上升。印度將看到類似的上升，但增長將更長（即使不像中國那么高），這是因為印度沒有一胎政策。
Industries didn't develop because the capital market discouraged it. Prime example of it is the railways, when railway was being developed the investment required done by Britishers because of the assure and guaranteed returns. The locals were exploited to pay those returns. Further more Indians were not allowed to invest in these projects. Indians were kept out of the industrialization by design.
The small textile manufacturers and artisans didn't shift to more modern methods was due to their ignorance and the British policies which forced them to be farm labour.
工業(yè)沒有發(fā)展是因為資本市場不鼓勵它。最典型的例子是鐵路，當(dāng)鐵路正在開發(fā)時，所需的投資由英國人完成，因為有保證的回報，當(dāng)?shù)厝吮粍兿饕灾Ц哆@些回報。此外，印度人不被允許投資這些項目，印度人被設(shè)計排除在工業(yè)化之外。
小型紡織制造商和工匠沒有轉(zhuǎn)向更現(xiàn)代的方法是由于他們的無知和英國的政策，這些政策迫使他們成為農(nóng)場勞動力。
Our government spends billions of dollars on unnecessary advertisements and commercials.
Other states follow the same model.
That could save our farmers especially in drought prone areas, which are getting worse with climate change.
我們的政府花費了數(shù)十億美元在不必要的廣告和商業(yè)上。
其他邦也遵循了同樣的模式。
這可以拯救我們的農(nóng)民，特別是在干旱易發(fā)地區(qū)，這些地區(qū)隨著氣候變化變得越來越糟。
Many things are left out. Britain left India with artificial borders, causing, for example, the Pakistani-Bangladeshi war or the Kashmir conflict. With instability, no economy can grow. Due to the British, the Indians were left behind in industrialization, raising the question of how India could compete against already existing Western companies with little investment and educated labor.
The British used the Indians for their interests in the worst ways imaginable. Famines occurred even at the end of British rule. For example, during the Second World War, Churchill directed food away from India, causing millions to die. The British used Indian soldiers to conquer and hold power in other colonial states and during the Second World War.
The British-caused railroads only connected commercial hubs to the sea. The infrastructure of India itself was nonexistent. The British had practically no interest in fostering Indian society. Schools and universities were nonexistent, leaving rich Indians to study only in Europe.
All of these arguments come to my mind with just a little research. You should do your homework properly, VisualEconomics.
許多事情被忽略了。英國給印度留下了人為的邊界，導(dǎo)致了例如巴基斯坦-孟加拉戰(zhàn)爭或克什米爾沖突。在不穩(wěn)定的情況下，任何經(jīng)濟都無法增長。由于英國人，印度人在工業(yè)化方面落后并提出了印度如何以少量投資和受過教育的勞動力與已經(jīng)存在的西方公司競爭的問題。
英國人以最糟糕的方式利用印度人為他們的利益服務(wù)，即使在英國統(tǒng)治結(jié)束時也發(fā)生了饑荒。英國人利用印度士兵征服并控制其他殖民國家，以及在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間丘吉爾將食物從印度轉(zhuǎn)移，導(dǎo)致了數(shù)百萬人死亡。
英國人修建的鐵路只連接商業(yè)中心到海洋，印度本身的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施幾乎不存在。英國人幾乎沒有興趣培養(yǎng)印度社會，學(xué)校和大學(xué)幾乎不存在，富有的印度人只能在歐洲學(xué)習(xí)。
所有這些論點只需一點研究就能想到，你應(yīng)該好好做功課，VisualEconomics。
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You're a fool if you say that British provided relief to people in times of droughts. Go read about the Great Bengal famine that killed millions of Indians as their agriculture produce was sent away to London and Paris to feed British soldiers while millions of Indians died of starvation
如果你說英國在干旱時期向人們提供救濟，那你就是個傻瓜。去讀讀關(guān)于大孟加拉饑荒的資料，數(shù)百萬印度人因他們的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品被送往倫敦和巴黎喂養(yǎng)英國士兵而餓死。
You need to do more research on the railway built. The steel was not made in India. They were forced to buy from the British at high prices to keep it profitable for the English. The Indians paid for it through taxes
你需要對修建的鐵路做更多的研究。鋼鐵不是在印度制造的，他們被迫以高價從英國人那里購買以保持英國人的利潤，印度人通過稅收支付了這筆費用。
Britain bases its values on individualism in India the family unit is far more important than 1 person. I heard Margaret thatcher in a speech saying it was the religion of Britain that made it the Greatest free democracy - i disagree. India has gone ahead now of Britains GDP based mainly on hinduism without having to invade, kill and convert anyone!! Indians are naturally enterprising intelligent, kind and thoughtful. They have Dharma enshrined into their families. Ethics and morals and a duty to contribute positively to their community. Britain and US did steal as much as they could and still their society is poor - stabbings every day, shootings and drugs and alcohol are rampant!! British empire was an unfortunate blip in history best remembered as an affront to human beings. India and China have been economic powers and great civilisations for 1700 years. Now the world is rebalancing again.
英國將其價值觀建立在個人主義上，而在印度，家庭單位遠(yuǎn)比個人重要。我聽到瑪格麗特·撒切爾在一次演講中說是英國的宗教使其成為最偉大的自由民主國家——我不同意。印度現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)在GDP上超過了英國，這主要基于印度教，而不必入侵、殺害或改變?nèi)魏稳耍?！印度人天生具有進(jìn)取心、聰明、善良和體貼，他們將佛法融入家庭，他們擁有道德和倫理以及為社區(qū)做出積極貢獻(xiàn)的責(zé)任。英國和美國盡其所能地偷竊，但他們的社會仍然貧窮——每天都有刺傷、槍擊和毒品和酒精泛濫?。〈笥⒌蹏菤v史上一個不幸的小插曲，最好記住它是對人類的侮辱。印度和中國作為經(jīng)濟大國和偉大文明已有1700年，現(xiàn)在世界正在重新平衡。
India's problem is the quantity and quality of it's population. Due to power of compounding for ages the population is gigantic. And due to chronic poverty and lack of investment in education and healthcare, the population is less productive economically. Effect of both is low per capita GDP.
印度的問題是人口的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量。由于長期的復(fù)利效應(yīng)，印度的人口規(guī)模非常龐大。由于長期貧困和對教育和醫(yī)療保健的投資不足，其人口在經(jīng)濟上生產(chǎn)力較低。兩者造成的影響是人均GDP很低。
The amount of rail roads, institutions, canals, industries do not even come close to the losses incurred in india, loss of life, loss of culture, loss of humanity. You cannot say I have done justice by giving a bandage after knowingly stabbing multiple times a person.
There is jalianwala bagh incident, there is bengal famine, there is prison in andaman which stand even today as witness to the atrocities done by the british.
NO MATTER WHAT THE GOOD THINGS DONE, DO NOT JUSTIFY THE BAD THINGS.
鐵路、機構(gòu)、運河、工業(yè)的數(shù)量甚至無法接近印度所遭受的損失，包括生命的損失、文化的損失、人性的損失。你不能說在明知多次刺傷一個人后，給一個繃帶就是公正的。
有賈利安瓦拉巴格事件，有孟加拉饑荒，有安達(dá)曼的監(jiān)獄，這些至今仍然是英國暴行的見證。
無論做了多少好事，都不能為壞事辯護。
I think that there is only so much that you can blame the English or the Mughals, etc for being still so poor now. If you look within Asia most of them (excluding South Asia) have made strides forward. Even Vietnam’s destructive war 40 years ago is marching ahead.
It’s weak and corrupt system and inertia that prevents it from moving forward. Now it has thrown in the useless religious division into the mix, putting a needless barrier to moving forward.
我認(rèn)為你現(xiàn)在只能怪英國人、莫臥兒人等這么多，因為現(xiàn)在印度仍然如此貧窮。如果你看看亞洲內(nèi)部，大多數(shù)國家（不包括南亞）都在向前邁進(jìn)，即使是40年前經(jīng)歷過毀滅性戰(zhàn)爭的越南也在前進(jìn)。
是軟弱和腐敗的體制和慣性阻礙了它前進(jìn)，現(xiàn)在它又把無用的宗教分歧混入其中，為前進(jìn)設(shè)置了不必要的障礙。
The British (Christians) came to India one of the Richest country in the world accounting 27% of Global GDP in 1700's, 23% in 1800's & Over 200 years of Depredation, Exploitation, Loot & Destruction reduced it to a Posterchild of a Third World Poverty. 90% of population living below the Poverty line when British left in 1947, Literacy Rate is below 17%, Life Expectancy is 27%, Economy is 25 billion dollars, Growth rate from 1900-1945 is 0.001%, British India draining the country with Taxes & Resources over 200 year's of colonization. India faced 50 year's of sanctions indirectly and directly in last 75 years.
英國人（基督徒）來到印度時，印度是世界上最富有的國家之一，占全球GDP的27%（1700年代）和23%（1800年代）。經(jīng)過200多年的掠奪、剝削、搶劫和破壞，印度淪為了第三世界貧困的典型代表。1947年英國人離開時，印度90%的人口生活在貧困線以下，識字率低于17%，預(yù)期壽命為27歲，經(jīng)濟規(guī)模為250億美元，1900年至1945年的經(jīng)濟增長率為0.001%。英屬印度通過稅收和資源榨干了這個國家200年的元氣。印度在過去75年中直接或間接面臨了50年的制裁。
Either he is biased or ignorant of all the atrocities the British has committed on our land. This video doesn't include less than 1% of the wrongdoings and 1000% of the good they did.
他要么有偏見，要么對英國在我們土地上犯下的暴行一無所知。這段視頻連他們1%的惡行都沒提到，卻夸大了1000%的好處。
Without the British there would be no India. There would be dozens of separate countries on the Indian sub-continent. A few of the coastal economies with good land and resources would be successful. Most of the economies would be landlocked and in deep trouble in a world that relies on heavy transport to be part of the global economy. The caste system would hinder development of any social and technological change and I suspect that by 2024, though the Indian people may have had a less difficult history, they would be in a worse position going forward.
如果沒有英國人，就不會有印度。印度次大陸上會有幾十個獨立的國家，一些擁有良好土地和資源的沿海經(jīng)濟體可能會成功。大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟體將處于內(nèi)陸并在一個依賴重型運輸融入全球經(jīng)濟的世界中陷入困境。種姓制度將阻礙任何社會和技術(shù)變革的發(fā)展，我懷疑到2024年，盡管印度人民的歷史可能沒有那么艱難，但他們的未來會更糟糕。
If there was no British rule, today there might be hundreds of separate kingdoms. But maybe citizens in those kingdoms would be living better as the princes spent more on health and education as you mentioned.
如果沒有英國的統(tǒng)治，印度今天可能會有數(shù)百個獨立的王國，但也許這些王國的公民會生活得更好，因為王子們會在健康和教育上投入更多，就像你提到的那樣。
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His majesty's Fanboy. Looks like we Indians were very primitive "civilisation wise" compared to his kingdomship. That's why his great great grandfathers searched new sea routes to India. Seems like democracy, English etc would have naturally come to India. No need for his grandfathers to starve to death 33 MILLION people.
這位是“陛下”的粉絲?？雌饋砦覀冇《热嗽凇拔拿鳌狈矫媾c他的王國相比非常原始，這就是為什么他的曾曾祖父們尋找通往印度的新海路，似乎民主、英語等會自然而然地來到印度而不需要他的祖父們餓死3300萬人。
Just look at the difference between Singapore and India, they both achieved independence after the British empire. Capitalism made one rich and socialism kept the other poor. Singapore didn't blame UK for poverty or riches. But Indians whine to this day.
只需看看新加坡和印度之間的差異就明白了，它們都在大英帝國之后獲得了獨立。資本主義讓一個富裕，社會主義讓另一個貧窮。新加坡沒有因為貧窮或富裕而責(zé)怪英國，但印度人至今還在抱怨。
Before making this video, you should have read the book called An Era of Darkness by Dr. Shashi Tharoor, or just watch the Oxford speech given by him—it’s on YouTube—how the British killed India. Just read the story of Tata Steel, how the British used to behave to an Indian businessman, and the GENO.... by them in the great famine of Bengal.
在制作這段視頻之前，你應(yīng)該讀一讀Shashi Tharoor博士的《黑暗時代》，或者看看他在牛津的演講——YouTube上有——關(guān)于英國如何摧毀印度。讀一讀塔塔鋼鐵的故事，看看英國人是如何對待一位印度商人的以及他們在孟加拉大饑荒中的種族滅絕行為。
It's much more nuanced than that. British divide and conquer tactic left cultural and social fissures that have plagued the Indian subcontinent. Not to mention carving the country based on religious lines. The region as a whole has suffered because of these policies.
事情比這復(fù)雜得多。英國的分而治之策略留下了困擾印度次大陸的文化和社會裂痕，更不用說根據(jù)宗教劃分國家了。整個地區(qū)都因為這些政策而遭受苦難。
British caused the largest manmade famine in the world, which happened to be the Bengal Famine in 1943, in which 3.8 million people died. The British government exported most of India's food grain to European countries for hoarding for war purposes.
英國人造成了世界上最大的人為饑荒，即1943年的孟加拉饑荒，導(dǎo)致380萬人死亡。英國政府將印度的大部分糧食出口到歐洲國家用于戰(zhàn)爭儲備。
India is still continuing the same mistake even 75 years after independence—not investing in QUALITY primary education and QUALITY primary health. The biggest legacy of the British Empire that left India still so desperately poor is an unaccountable administration and bureaucracy. If the politicians and bureaucrats could be made accountable for their deeds, India would be a far better country.
印度在獨立75年后仍在犯同樣的錯誤——沒有投資于優(yōu)質(zhì)的基礎(chǔ)教育和基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)療。英國留給印度最糟糕的遺產(chǎn)是缺乏問責(zé)的行政和官僚體系，這使得印度仍然如此貧困。如果政治家和官僚能為他們的行為負(fù)責(zé)，印度會成為一個更好的國家。
If there is no Great Britain, modern India probably wouldn't exist to begin with. There probably would be 10+ small kingdoms/countries on the subcontinent. On the other side, if Great Britain didn't take over the Indian subcontinent, the butterfly effects would be huge, and the world and history we know would not exist.
如果沒有大英帝國，現(xiàn)代印度可能根本不會存在。次大陸上可能會有10多個小王國/國家。另一方面，如果英國沒有占領(lǐng)印度次大陸，蝴蝶效應(yīng)將是巨大的，我們所知道的世界和歷史將不復(fù)存在。
The whole video felt like racist euro-centric propaganda (sorry to say this). Every good thing that India has today is the continuation of what British built or brought there. And everything that is bad is due to lack of sound judgement on the Indian side.
整段視頻感覺像是種族主義的歐洲中心主義的宣傳（抱歉這么說）。印度今天擁有的每一件好事都是英國人建造或帶來的延續(xù)，而每一件壞事都是由于印度方面缺乏正確判斷造成的。