Bodies are lining the streets of Goma, and hospitals are overwhelmed after an escalation in the long-simmering conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The Rwandan-backed M23 group claims it took control of the city, and the DRC has called it a declaration of war by Rwanda. But why is Rwanda involved and what are its interests?

剛果民主共和國(guó)（DRC）長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)的沖突在戈馬市愈演愈烈，街道上尸體堆積，醫(yī)院人滿(mǎn)為患。盧旺達(dá)支持的M23武裝宣稱(chēng)已經(jīng)控制了這座城市，而剛果則將其視為盧旺達(dá)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)宣言。但為什么盧旺達(dá)會(huì)介入，盧旺達(dá)的利益是什么呢？

Jan 30 (Reuters) - The United Nations expressed deep concern at reports of M23 rebels and Rwandan troops advancing south towards the Congolese city of Bukavu on Thursday, as the militants sought also to assert their control over east Congo's largest city Goma.
The Rwandan-backed insurgents' seizure of Goma this week and ongoing offensive southwards are the biggest escalation since 2012 of a decades-old conflict the U.N. says risks spiralling into another major regional war.
A sustained and successful push by M23 into the neighbouring province of South Kivu would see them control territory previous rebellions have not taken since the end of two major wars that ran from 1996 to 2003, in which millions of civilians died, mostly from malnutrition and disease.
The absence of U.N. peacekeepers in South Kivu heightens the humanitarian and security risks of an escalation in fighting there, U.N. spokesperson Stephane Dujarric said.
He added that there were reports of Rwandan forces crossing the border in the direction of South Kivu's capital Bukavu. The Rwandan authorities did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
Rwanda says it is defending itself, accusing Congo's military of joining forces with ethnic Hutu-led militias bent on slaughtering Tutsis in Congo and threatening Rwanda, where Hutus targeted Tutsis in a 1994 GENO.... and some later fled to Congo.
Congo denies this and accuses Rwanda of using M23, which it describes as a "terrorist proxy of Rwanda", to pillage valuable minerals from Congolese territory. U.N. experts have documented the export of large quantities of looted minerals via Rwanda.
An international backlash against Rwanda, which has included Germany cancelling aid talks and Britain threatening to withhold 32 million pounds ($40 million) of annual bilateral assistance, was having no apparent effect on the ground.
Advancing along Lake Kivu, M23 fighters were pushed back on Wednesday from the town of Nyabibwe, some 50 km (30 miles) from Bukavu, and were clashing on Thursday with Congolese troops in the nearby location of Kahalala, according to two local sources.
"The Congolese army seems to be putting up fierce resistance there," said one of the sources, from a civil society organisation in Bukavu.
In Goma itself, M23 were presenting themselves as the city's new administrators.
"We are asking all Goma residents to go back to normal activities," Corneille Nangaa, leader of the Congo River Alliance rebel coalition that includes M23, told reporters.
The situation in the city was far from normal, however. The streets, strewn with debris and discarded military fatigues, were mostly deserted as heavily armed M23 fighters in pick-up trucks patrolled them.
The World Health Organization said over 2,000 people had been wounded by recent fighting in and around Goma with at least 45 deaths registered so far, citing reports.
"The security situation seems to be stabilising, although there are still reports of skirmishes in some parts of town," said Doctors Without Borders (MSF) programme manager Natalia Torrent.
Rebel leader Nangaa said the M23 was not going anywhere. "We are here in Goma to stay. "We are going to continue the march until Kinshasa," he said, referring to Congo's capital more than 1,600 km away.
The violence has forced hundreds of thousands of people to flee multiple times. Displacement camps around Goma that were hosting around 800,000 people are emptying out, World Food Programme official Cynthia Jones said.
U.S. President Donald Trump on Thursday described the crisis as a "very serious problem," but declined to say whether the United States had a peace plan.
Thursday saw a flurry of diplomatic activity, including a meeting of East African heads of state and a visit to Kinshasa and Kigali by France's foreign minister.
Nevertheless, both Tshisekedi and his Rwandan counterpart Paul Kagame made uncompromising statements.
Tshisekedi said in an address to the nation that Congo's army would "reconquer every inch of our territory" and accused Rwanda and its "M23 puppets" of "a terrorist enterprise on our soil, sowing terror and desolation among our population".
Kagame has long lambasted Tshisekedi for what he describes as Congo's harbouring of Hutu "genocidaires".
He also lashed out at South African leader Cyril Ramaphosa for saying in a post on X that the fighting in Congo, in which 13 South African soldiers have died since last week, was due to an escalation by the M23 and the Rwandan army.
Kagame accused South African forces of working alongside a militia in Congo with ties to perpetrators of the 1994 GENO.... and "threatening to take the war to Rwanda itself".
"If South Africa prefers confrontation, Rwanda will deal with the matter in that context any day," Kagame wrote.
Since the fall of Goma, Rwanda has also reacted angrily to calls for restraint from Western nations, accusing its critics of "victim-blaming" and turning a blind eye to what it says is Congo's complicity in the slaughter of Tutsis.

（路透社）——聯(lián)合國(guó)周四對(duì)M23反叛武裝與盧旺達(dá)軍隊(duì)向南挺進(jìn)剛果城市布卡武的消息表示嚴(yán)重關(guān)切。這些武裝分子在奪取剛果東部最大城市戈馬后，正試圖鞏固對(duì)該地區(qū)的控制。
盧旺達(dá)支持的叛亂勢(shì)力本周占領(lǐng)戈馬并持續(xù)向南推進(jìn)，標(biāo)志著自2012年以來(lái)剛果東部沖突最嚴(yán)重的升級(jí)。聯(lián)合國(guó)警告，這場(chǎng)持續(xù)數(shù)十年的戰(zhàn)事可能演變?yōu)樾碌闹卮蟮貐^(qū)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。
若M23反叛武裝持續(xù)向南基伍省成功推進(jìn)，將意味著他們控制自1996-2003年兩次大規(guī)模戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束以來(lái)，歷次叛亂從未奪取過(guò)的區(qū)域。這兩場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)導(dǎo)致數(shù)百萬(wàn)人死亡，多數(shù)源于饑荒與疾病。
聯(lián)合國(guó)發(fā)言人杜加里克表示，南基伍省缺乏聯(lián)合國(guó)維和部隊(duì)的存在，加劇了該地區(qū)戰(zhàn)事升級(jí)的人道主義和安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。他補(bǔ)充稱(chēng)，有報(bào)告顯示盧旺達(dá)軍隊(duì)正向南基伍省首府布卡武方向越境移動(dòng)。盧旺達(dá)當(dāng)局尚未對(duì)置評(píng)請(qǐng)求作出回應(yīng)。
與盧旺達(dá)關(guān)系緊張的鄰國(guó)布隆迪，已有雇傭兵支援剛果政府軍在南基伍省的作戰(zhàn)——這意味著更大范圍沖突的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)正在上升。布隆迪軍方拒絕對(duì)剛果局勢(shì)置評(píng)。
盧旺達(dá)聲稱(chēng)其行動(dòng)出于自衛(wèi)，指控剛果政府軍與胡圖族主導(dǎo)的民兵組織結(jié)盟，這些武裝企圖屠殺剛果境內(nèi)的圖西族人并威脅盧旺達(dá)安全。在1994年盧旺達(dá)種族滅絕中，胡圖族極端分子曾大規(guī)模屠殺圖西族，部分人員后來(lái)逃至剛果境內(nèi)。剛果政府否認(rèn)這一指控，反控盧旺達(dá)通過(guò)其"代理人恐怖組織"M23掠奪剛果境內(nèi)寶貴礦產(chǎn)資源。聯(lián)合國(guó)專(zhuān)家已記錄到大量通過(guò)盧旺達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的剛果掠奪礦產(chǎn)。
國(guó)際社會(huì)對(duì)盧旺達(dá)的施壓——包括德國(guó)取消援助談判、英國(guó)威脅暫停每年3200萬(wàn)英鎊（約合4000萬(wàn)美元）的雙邊援助——在沖突地區(qū)未見(jiàn)明顯效果。
據(jù)兩名當(dāng)?shù)叵⑷耸糠Q(chēng)，沿基伍湖推進(jìn)的M23武裝人員周三在距離布卡武約50公里（30英里）的尼亞比韋鎮(zhèn)被擊退，周四與剛果軍隊(duì)在附近的卡哈拉拉地區(qū)發(fā)生交火。布卡沃一公民社會(huì)組織消息人士表示："剛果軍隊(duì)似乎在那里進(jìn)行了激烈抵抗。"
在戈馬市內(nèi)，M23正以城市新管理者的姿態(tài)示人。包含M23在內(nèi)的反叛聯(lián)盟"剛果河聯(lián)盟"領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人科內(nèi)爾·南加對(duì)媒體表示："我們要求所有戈馬市民恢復(fù)正常活動(dòng)。"
然而戈馬的現(xiàn)實(shí)遠(yuǎn)未恢復(fù)常態(tài)。街道上散落著瓦礫和廢棄的軍用裝備，全副武裝的M23士兵駕駛皮卡車(chē)巡邏，整座城市近乎空城。世界衛(wèi)生組織援引報(bào)告稱(chēng)，近期戈馬及周邊地區(qū)的戰(zhàn)斗已造成2000余人受傷，至少45人死亡。
無(wú)國(guó)界醫(yī)生組織項(xiàng)目主管娜塔莉亞·托倫特表示："安全局勢(shì)看似趨于穩(wěn)定，但仍有關(guān)鍵城區(qū)發(fā)生小規(guī)模沖突的報(bào)告。"反叛武裝領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人南加則宣稱(chēng)M23將長(zhǎng)期駐扎："我們留在戈馬不會(huì)離開(kāi)，并將繼續(xù)向1600公里外的首都金沙薩進(jìn)軍。"
持續(xù)暴力迫使數(shù)十萬(wàn)民眾多次逃亡。世界糧食計(jì)劃署官員辛西婭·瓊斯指出，戈馬周邊曾收容約80萬(wàn)人的流離失所者營(yíng)地正在迅速清空。
美國(guó)總統(tǒng)特朗普周四稱(chēng)這場(chǎng)危機(jī)是"非常嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題"，但拒絕透露美國(guó)是否制定了和平計(jì)劃。當(dāng)天外交動(dòng)作頻繁，東非國(guó)家元首舉行會(huì)晤，法國(guó)外長(zhǎng)同時(shí)訪(fǎng)問(wèn)了金沙薩與基加利。然而剛果總統(tǒng)齊塞克迪與盧旺達(dá)總統(tǒng)卡加梅均發(fā)表強(qiáng)硬表態(tài)。
齊塞克迪在全國(guó)講話(huà)中誓言剛果軍隊(duì)將"收復(fù)每一寸國(guó)土"，指控盧旺達(dá)及其"M23傀儡"在剛果實(shí)施"恐怖主義事業(yè)，給人民帶來(lái)恐懼與破壞"。卡加梅則長(zhǎng)期抨擊齊塞克迪政府庇護(hù)胡圖族"大屠殺兇手"。
卡加梅還猛烈批評(píng)南非總統(tǒng)拉馬福薩，因其在社交媒體X發(fā)帖稱(chēng)剛果戰(zhàn)事升級(jí)系M23與盧軍所為——上周至今已有13名南非士兵在剛果陣亡。
卡加梅指責(zé)南非軍隊(duì)與剛果境內(nèi)關(guān)聯(lián)1994年大屠殺兇手的民兵合作，并"威脅將戰(zhàn)火燒至盧旺達(dá)本土"。他在文中警告："若南非選擇對(duì)抗，盧旺達(dá)隨時(shí)奉陪。"
自戈馬失守以來(lái)，盧旺達(dá)對(duì)西方國(guó)家的克制呼吁反應(yīng)激烈，譴責(zé)批評(píng)者"倒置受害責(zé)任"，無(wú)視剛果在圖西族屠殺問(wèn)題上的共謀行徑。